A Cognition-Based Definition of Creativity and A - DiVA-Portal (PDF)

L i n k ö p i n g U n i v e r s i t y M a s t e r T h e s i s M a r i a H e d bl o m A C o g ni t i o n-B a s e d D e fini t i o n o f C r e a t i v i t y a nd A P r o po s i t i o n f o r A ppr o a chi ng C r e a t i v i t y A r t i fici a l l y Super visor : P r o f . K a i- Uw e Kü h n be r g e r O s na br üc k Univ e r s it y E xaminer : P r o f . Ar ne J ö n s s o n L ink ö ping Univ e r s it y LI U- I D A/K O G VE T - A–13/012–S E A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the r equir ements for the degr ee of M aster of Science in the C o g nit iv e Sc ie nc e I ns t it ut e I D A, I ns t it ut e o f C o mput e r a nd I nf o r ma t io n Sc ie nc e No v e mbe r 2 0 1 3  C o p y r i g h t I n f o r m a t i o n T h e p u b l i s h e r s w i l l k e e p t h i s d oc u m e n t on l i n e on t h e I n t e r n e t or i t s p os s i b l e r e p l ac e m e n t f r om t h e d at e of p u b l i c at i on b ar r i n g e x c e p t i on al c i r c u m s t an c e s . T h e on l i n e av ai l ab i l i t y of t h e d oc u m e n t i m p l i e s p e r m an e n t p e r m i s s i on f or an y on e t o r e ad , t o d ow n l oad , or t o p r i n t ou t s i n gl e c op i e s f or h i s /h e r s ow n u s e an d t o u s e i t u n c h an ge d f or n on - c om m e r c i al r e s e ar c h an d e d u c at i on al p u r p os e . S u b s e q u e n t t r an s f e r s of c op y r i gh t c an n ot r e v ok e t h i s p e r m i s s i on . Al l ot h e r u s e s of t h e d oc u m e n t ar e c on d i t i on al u p on t h e c on s e n t of t h e c op y r i gh t ow n e r . T h e p u b l i s h e r h as t ak e n t e c h n i c al an d ad m i n i s t r at i v e m e as u r e s t o as s u r e au t h e n t i c i t y , s e c u r i t y an d ac c e s s i b i l i t y . Ac c or d i n g t o i n t e l l e c t u al p r op e r t y l aw t h e au t h or h as t h e r i gh t t o b e m e n t i on e d w h e n h i s /h e r w or k i s ac c e s s e d as d e s c r i b e d ab ov e an d t o b e p r ot e c t e d agai n s t i n f r i n ge m e n t . F or ad d i t i on al i n f or m at i on ab ou t t h e Li n k öp i n g Un i v e r s i t y E l e c t r on i c P r e s s an d i t s p r o- c e d u r e s f or p u b l i c at i on an d f or as s u r an c e of d oc u m e n t i n t e gr i t y , p l e as e r e f e r t o i t s w w w h om e p age : h t t p : //w w w . e p . l i u . s e /. c⃝M ar i a He d b l om  " T h e s ecr et t o cr ea t i vi t y i s kn o w i n g h o w t o h i d e y o u r s o u r ces . " Al b e r t E i n s t e i n An d i n t h i s h u m or ou s l i gh t I am p r ou d t o p r e s e n t m y m as t e r t h e s i s .  LI NK öP I NG UNI VE R S I T Y A bstr act A C ogn i t i on - B as e d D e fi n i t i on of C r e at i v i t y an d A P r op os i t i on f or A p p r oac h i n g C r e at i v i t y A r t i fi c i al l y b y M ar i a H e d bl o m C a n a co m p u t er t r u l y be cr ea t i ve? T h i s i s t h e p h i l os op h i c al q u e s t i on t h at d e fi n e s t h i s t h e s i s . I t i s s u gge s t e d t h at t h e on l y w ay f or t h i s q u e s t i on t o b e an s w e r e d i n t h e affi r m a- t i v e , i s t o t h or ou gh l y i n v e s t i gat e t h e c ogn i t i v e n at u r e of c r e at i v i t y . F i r s t t h e t h e s i s p r op os e s a d e fi n i t i on of c r e at i v i t y b as e d on c ogn i t i v e r e s e ar c h , h u m an i n t u i t i on an d ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y d e b at e s . T h i s d e fi n i t i on ac c ou n t s f or n ot on l y t h at t h e c r e at i v e p r od u c t h as t o b e b ot h n ov e l an d u s e f u l , b u t t h at t h e c r e at i v e age n t h as t o e x c e e d a c e r t ai n l e v e l of c ogn i t i v e m at u r i t y ( i n t h e s i s r e f e r r e d t o as - i n t e l l i ge n c e ) an d b e aw ar e of t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s an d c on t e x t . T h e f r am e w or k f or t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s i s f ou n d e d on t h e p s y c h ol ogi c al l y s u p p or t e d n ot i on of a c i r c l e of d i v e r ge n t an d c on v e r ge n t t h i n k i n g, an d a c ogn i t i v e m ac h i n e r y of c on c e p t u al b l e n d i n g. I t i s i n t h e f r am e w or k of t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s t h at t h e c r i t e r i on f or t h e c r e at i v e p r od u c t i s ge n e r at e d . I n t h e c i r c l e of d i v e r ge n t an d c on v e r ge n t t h i n k i n g an d t h r ou gh c on c e p t u al b l e n d i n g, n ov e l i d e as ar e fi r s t ge n e r at e d , t h e n e v al u at e d . F or t h i s t o b e p os s i b l e t h e c r e at i v e age n t h as t o e x c e e d a c e r t ai n l e v e l of c ogn i t i v e ab i l i t i e s , an d i n or d e r t o p r op e r l y e v al u at e t h e p r od u c t , i t al s o n e e d s t o h av e aw ar e n e s s of t h e p r oc e s s an d c on t e x t t o b e ab l e t o e v al u at e t h e p r od u c t . A s e c on d p ar t of t h e t h e s i s l ook s at p r ob l e m s w i t h AI an d w h at t h at m e an s f or t h e ap p r oac h e s t o ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y . B y u s i n g t h e r e as on i n g b e h i n d t h e d e fi n i t i on , t h e p os s i b i l i t y t o c r e at e t r u l y c r e at i v e c om p u t e r s ar e p r op os e d an d d i s c u s s e d . I n t h e l i n e of t h e d e fi n i t i on a c on c e p t u al s u gge s t e d ap p r oac h i s p r e s e n t e d , t h at i f s at i s fi e d i t i s t h e au t h or ’ s s u gge s t i on t h at t h e ar t i fi c i al s y s t e m s h ou l d b e d e e m e d " c r e at i v e " . T h e ar t i fi c i al age n t h as f ar t o go b e f or e i t i s e q u al i n c ogn i t i v e m at u r i t y t o h u m an i n - t e l l e c t , an d t h e c ap ac i t y f or aw ar e n e s s of t h e p r oc e s s an d c on t e x t i s d e b at ab l e . G e n e t i c al gor i t h m s , r an d om n e s s an d p e r c e p t i on i s p r e s e n t e d as p os s i b i l i t i e s f or ar t i fi c i al age n t s t o c r e at e n ov e l t y , an d a m u l t i l ay e r e d p r oc e s s i n g s y s t e m b u i l d on l e ar n i n g t h r ou gh p e r - c e p t i on , an d e v al u at i on b u i l d on k e y c on c e p t s f r om c on t e x t an d s t at i s t i c s of p r e v i ou s k n ow l e d ge , i s i n t r od u c e d as p os s i b l e m e an s of c r e at i n g ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y .  A cknowledgements F i r s t , I w i s h t o gi v e gr e at t h an k s t o p r of e s s or K ai - Uw e K ü h n b e r ge r , at O s n ab r ü c k Un i - v e r s i t y , w h o agr e e d t o s u p e r v i s e m e on t h i s t h e s i s , r e gar d l e s s of a m u l t i t u d e of ot h e r r e s p on s i b i l i t i e s an d w i t h n o ot h e r ob l i gat i on s t o d o s o ot h e r t h an t h r ou gh k i n d n e s s . T h e c on s t an t s m i l e on h i s f ac e as I u n or gan i z e d s h ow e d u p h i s offi c e m ad e i t a p l e as u r e t o w or k w i t h h i m . S e c on d , I w i s h t o t h an k p r of e s s or Ar n e J ön s s on , at m y h om e u n i v e r s i t y i n Li n k öp i n g, w h o h e l p e d m ak e t h e fi n i s h e d v e r s i on of t h e t h e s i s t o w h at i t i s n ow . I n t h i s I al s o w an t t o i n c l u d e m y op p on e n t An d e r s S k ogl u n d w h om p oi n t e d ou t p l ac e s i n w h i c h t h e t h e s i s c ou l d b e i m p r ov e d . Al s o, R ob e r t M u i l n e e d s t o b e ac k n ow l e d ge f or s p e l l i n g an d gr am m ar - c h e c k . O n a m or e p r i v at e n ot e , t h e r e ar e m an y n am e s t h at c ou l d an d s h ou l d b e m e n t i on e d . B u t d u e t o t h e i n c r e as i n g B i g B r ot h e r s oc i e t y , al l s h al l b e t h an k e d i n p e r s on . Las t l y I w i s h t o t h an k t h e r e s e ar c h e r s on w h os e r e s u l t s t h i s t h e s i s i s b u i l t . T h e p as t c r e at i v i t y r e s e ar c h i s a b r oad fi e l d w i t h r e s e ar c h r e s u l t s goi n g i n e v e r y d i r e c t i on . C on - s e q u e n t l y , i t i s m y p l e as u r e an d , I f e ar , d u t y t o b e s t ow u p on f u t u r e r e s e ar c h e r s n ot on l y a t h an k y ou f or y ou r e ff or t s , b u t al s o a s i n c e r e : G o o d l u ck! i v  C o nt e nt s A b s t r ac t i i i A c k n ow l e d ge m e n t s i v L i s t of F i gu r e s v i i A b b r e v i at i on s v i i i 1 I n t r od u c t i on 1 1. 1 B ac k gr ou n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 C e n t r al Q u e s t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 3 T h e or e t i c al R e l e v an c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 4 F ou n d at i on s an d Li m i t at i on s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 5 T h e s i s S t r u c t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Th e or e t i c al F ou n d at i on 6 2. 1 B r i e f Hi s t or y of C r e at i v i t y R e s e ar c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. 2 C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2. 2. 1 P r ob l e m S ol v i n g as M ot i v at i on f or C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. 2. 2 T h e P h as e s of t h e C r e at i v e P r oc e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2. 2. 3 D i ff e r e n t T y p e s of C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2. 2. 4 S e r e n d i p i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. 3 T h e or i e s of C ogn i t i on t h at E x p l ai n C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. 3. 1 T h e G e n e p l or e M od e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. 3. 2 C on c e p t u al I n t e gr at i on T h e or y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3 D e fi n i n g C r e at i v i t y 26 3. 1 T h e P r ob l e m w i t h C r e at i v i t y D e fi n i t i on s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3. 2 As p e c t I : T h e C r e at i v e P r od u c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3. 3 As p e c t I I : T h e C r e at i v e Age n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3. 4 As p e c t I I I : T h e C r e at i v e P r oc e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3. 5 A Hol i s t i c D e fi n i t i on of C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4 A r t i fi c i al C r e at i v i t y 36 4. 1 Ar t i fi c i al I n t e l l i ge n c e an d C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4. 2 P r ob l e m s an d P r e v i ou s Ap p r oac h e s f or Ar t i fi c i al C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . 38 4. 2. 1 T h e C r e at i v e P r od u c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 v  C o n t en t s v i 4. 2. 2 T h e C r e at i v e Age n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4. 2. 3 T h e C r e at i v e P r oc e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4. 2. 3. 1 T h e ge n e r at i v e p h as e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4. 2. 3. 2 T h e e v al u at i v e p h as e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4. 3 S u gge s t e d Ap p r oac h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4. 3. 1 D e s i gn i n g an Ar t i fi c i al Age n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4. 3. 2 T h e C r e at i v e P r oc e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 5 E v al u at i on an d G e n e r al D i s c u s s i on 58 5. 1 O n t h e P r op os e d D e fi n i t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5. 1. 1 I n s u ffi c i e n c i e s w i t h t h e D e fi n i t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 5. 2 O n t h e S u gge s t e d Ap p r oac h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5. 3 O n Ar t i fi c i al C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5. 3. 1 S e r e n d i p i t y , M ot i v at i on an d E m ot i on i n C r e at i v i t y . . . . . . . . . 61 5. 3. 2 F u n c t i on al i s m , C on n e c t i on i s m an d Ne u r al Ne t w or k s . . . . . . . . 63 5. 3. 3 W h at i f Ar t i fi c i al C r e at i v i t y b e c am e R e al i t y ? . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6 C on c l u d i n g R e m ar k s 67 6. 1 C on c l u s i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6. 2 F u t u r e P r os p e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 B i b l i ogr ap h y 70  L i s t o f F i g ur e s 2. 1 W al l as ’ m od e l of c r e at i v e t h ou gh t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2. 2 T h e G e n e p l or e m od e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2. 3 M od e l of C on c e p t u al B l e n d i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4. 1 " M e e t i n g O n G au gu i n ’ s B e ac h " , 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 v i i  A bbr e v i a t i o ns A I A r t i fi c i al I n t e l l i ge n c e C B C on c e p t u al B l e n d i n g C B T C on c e p t u al B l e n d i n g Th e or y I Q I n t e l l i ge n c e Q u ot i e n t L TM L on g Te r m M e m or y NI Ne u r o I m agi n g NN Ne u r al Ne t w or k P S S P h y s i c al S y m b ol S y s t e m W M W or k i n g M e m or y v i i i  C ha pt e r 1 Int r o duct i o n 1 . 1 B a ck g r o und R e s e ar c h i n c r e at i v i t y h as b e e n f ou n d t o b e on e of t h e m or e d i ffi c u l t r e s e ar c h ar e as i n t h e c ogn i t i v e s c i e n c e s . F r om a p s y c h ol ogi c al s t an d p oi n t i t m u s t ad d r e s s c om p l i c at e d q u e s - t i on s s u c h as t h e r ol e of c on s c i ou s n e s s an d w h i c h c ogn i t i v e f u n c t i on s ar e i n v ol v e d . F r om a m or e p h i l os op h i c al s t an d p oi n t w e c an as k ou r s e l v e s w h at i t m e an s t o b e c r e at i v e ? T h i s q u e s t i on i s e s p e c i al l y p e r t i n e n t i n c om p u t at i on al r e s e ar c h , w h e r e t h e l i m i t s of c r e at i v i t y ar e a c on s t an t i s s u e an d ar t i fi c i al age n t s ar e r ar e l y c on s i d e r e d t r u l y c r e at i v e . O n e of t h e b i gge s t p r ob l e m s i s t h e l ac k of a u n i fi e d d e fi n i t i on f or c r e at i v i t y . T r ad i t i on al v i e w s on l y t ak e t h e c r e at i v e p r od u c t i n t o ac c ou n t , w i t h a f oc u s on n ov e l t y an d v al u e i [ 1 – 3 ] . How e v e r , t h i s c ol l i d e s w i t h c om m on i n t u i t i on s of c r e at i v i t y . Look at t h e d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n e w l y d i s c ov e r e d fl ow e r on a fi e l d an d a n e w l y p ai n t e d ar t p i e c e i n a m u s e u m . T h e fl ow e r m i gh t b e m u c h m or e ad v an c e d i n i t s c on s t r u c t i on an d , s om e m i gh t ar gu e , m or e b e au t i f u l an d m or e “v al u ab l e ”, y e t i t i s n ot , i n m os t c i r c u m s t an c e s , c on s i d e r e d c r e at i v e . T h e p ai n t i n g h ow e v e r , fi t s i n t o t h e i d e a of a c r e at i v e p r od u c t m u c h b e t t e r . I t h as b e e n p r od u c e d b y s om e on e w h o h as gi v e n i t s om e t h ou gh t an d i t i s p r e s e n t e d i n a c on t e x t t h at i s as s oc i at e d w i t h c r e at i v e ab i l i t y , n am e l y t h e ar t gal l e r y . B ot h s at i s f y t h e n ov e l t y an d v al u e c r i t e r i on . C on s e q u e n t l y t h e t r ad i t i on al d e fi n i t i on s of c r e at i v i t y m u s t b e u n s at i s f ac t or y . I n ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y , i n w h i c h m an y p r od u c t s i “ us e f ul ne s s ” a nd “ a ppro pri a t e ne s s ” a re o f t e n us e d a s s y no ny m s t o “ v a l ue ” 1  C h ap t e r 1. I n t r o d u ct i o n 2 f u l fi l l t h e s e c l as s i c d e fi n i t i on s , t h e ap p l i e d d e fi n i t i on n e e d s t o go f u r t h e r t o ov e r c om e t h e p r ob l e m t h at ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v e p r od u c t s ar e r ar e l y c on s i d e r e d c r e at i v e . D e s p i t e t h e d i ffi c u l t i e s t o d e fi n e c r e at i v i t y an d t h e i n t e r n al p r oc e s s e s t h at t ak e s p ar t , m u c h c r e at i v i t y r e s e ar c h h as b e e n c on d u c t e d i n al l d om ai n s of c ogn i t i v e s c i e n c e [ 4 , 5 ] . Al t h ou gh or i gi n al l y c r i t i c i z e d as an u n s c i e n t i fi c e n d e av or , b ot h i n p s y c h ol ogi c al an d ar - t i fi c i al [ 6 ] d om ai n s , t h e f ac t t h at c r e at i v i t y i s at t r ac t i n g s e r i ou s s c i e n t i fi c r e s e ar c h s u gge s t s t h at i t i s an e s s e n t i al p ar t of h u m an c ogn i t i on . C r e at i v i t y i s s t u d i e d f or s e v e r al r e as on s . I n p s y c h ol ogy t h e d e s i r e t o u n d e r s t an d c ogn i t i on i s a l ar ge m ot i v at i on . F u r t h e r m or e , as c r e at i v i t y i s s e e n as a p r ob l e m - s ol v i n g ab i l i t y , i t m ak e s s e n s e t o r e s e ar c h c r e at i v i t y i n or d e r t o s ol v e p r ob l e m s m or e e ffi c i e n t l y . An ot h e r i n t e r e s t i n g m ot i v at i on i s t o u n d e r s t an d t h e e ff e c t d r u g u s e an d m e n t al d i s or d e r s h av e on c r e at i v e p e r f or m an c e . C om p u t at i on al ap p r oac h e s s t u d y an d at t e m p t t o s i m u l at e c r e at i v i t y w i t h s i m i l ar m ot i v a- t i on s as i n p s y c h ol ogi c al r e s e ar c h , b u t s t r u ggl e as ar t i fi c i al s y s t e m s ar e r ar e l y c on s i d e r e d t r u l y c r e at i v e . I n t h e s am e w ay as AI t r i e s t o c r e at e ar t i fi c i al age n t s t h at d i s p l ay h u m an i n t e l l i ge n c e , r e s e ar c h i n ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y , t r i e s t o d e s i gn ar t i fi c i al age n t s t h at h av e c r e at i v e ab i l i t y . O n e i s s u e t o ov e r c om e i n c r e at i v i t y r e s e ar c h , i s t h at v as t l y d i ff e r e n t ac h i e v e m e n t s c an b e c on s i d e r e d c r e at i v e . Ad d i t i on al l y , s i m i l ar c r e at i v e p r oc e s s e s m ay u s e d i ff e r e n t c ogn i t i v e p r oc e s s e s . An e x am p l e i s w h e n E i n s t e i n d e v e l op e d t h e R el a t i vi t y T h eo r y , s om e t h i n g w h i c h i s p r e s u m ab l y c on s i d e r e d b y e v e r y on e t o b e a c r e at i v e i n s i gh t , d i ff e r e n t c ogn i t i v e p r oc e s s e s w e r e at w or k t h an i n t h e ar t p i e c e i n t h e m u s e u m e x am p l e ab ov e . Ye t t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s h as s i m i l ar s t r u c t u r e an d t h e c r e at i v e age n t h av e s i m i l ar c h ar ac t e r i s t i c s . T h e r e f or e u n d e r s t an d i n g w h i c h c ogn i t i v e p r oc e s s e s w e r e ac t i v e i n t h e p r oc e s s of d i s c ov - e r i n g R e l at i v i t y T h e or y , or p ai n t i n g t h e ar t p i e c e , i s n ot n e c e s s ar i l y t h e c r u c i al as p e c t t h at i s l i m i t i n g ar t i fi c i al ap p r oac h e s . E i n s t e i n ’ s i n s i gh t i s s u gge s t e d t o b e t h e r e s u l t of a p r oc e s s i n w h i c h k n ow l e d ge w as c om - b i n e d an d r e s t r u c t u r e d . How e v e r , i f c r e at i v i t y i s s i m p l y r e s t r u c t u r i n g p r e v i ou s k n ow l e d ge i n n e w w ay s , c om p u t e r s s h ou l d al r e ad y b e c on s i d e r e d c r e at i v e . C on s i d e r a c om p u t e r p r o- gr am i n s t r u c t e d t o r an d om l y ge n e r at e p oe m s b as e d on c e r t ai n s e m an t i c an d s y n t ac t i c  C h ap t e r 1. I n t r o d u ct i o n 3 r u l e s . S u c h p r ogr am s ar e r ar e l y c on s i d e r e d t o h av e t h e s am e c r e at i v e ab i l i t y as a h u m an p oe t , r e gar d l e s s of t h e q u al i t y of t h e p oe m s . C o n cep t u a l B l en d i n g [ 7 ] i s a t h e or y w h i c h d e s c r i b e s t h e c ogn i t i v e m ac h i n e r y b e h i n d c r e - at i v i t y . I t h as i n c r e as i n g s u p p or t [ 8 , 9 ] . T h e i d e a i s t h at al l n ov e l t y c om e s f r om c om b i n i n g p r e v i ou s k n ow l e d ge t h r ou gh m e t h od s s u c h as m e t ap h or s , an al ogi e s an d as s oc i at i v e m e m - or y . T h e n e w c on c e p t s i n h e r i t as p e c t s of t h e c om b i n e d p ar e n t s . At t h e s am e t i m e t h e n e w c on c e p t s m ay h av e e m e r ge n t p r op e r t i e s . How e v e r , c r e at i v i t y i s n ot e x c l u s i v e l y ac h i e v e d b y r e ar r an gi n g p r e v i ou s k n ow l e d ge . T h e c om b i n e d c on c e p t s n e e d t o b e e v al u at e d . T h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s i s t h e r e f or e n e c e s s ar i l y a c i r c u l ar p r oc e s s of ge n e r at i on an d e v al u at i on . T h i s c an b e s e e n i n s e v e r al m od e l s of c r e at i v i t y , s u c h as W al l as ’ m od e l of c r e at i v i t y , an d G e n e p l or e [ 1 0 ] . I t i s n ot e n ou gh f or t h e c r e at i v e age n t t o h av e an ab i l i t y t o p e r f or m c on c e p t u al b l e n d i n g an d s t or e k n ow l e d ge . T o b e c r e at i v e , t h e age n t m u s t h av e s u ffi c i e n t aw ar e n e s s of t h e t as k an d t h e c on t e x t , t o h av e t h e ab i l i t y t o p r op e r l y e v al u at e t h e n e w c on c e p t s . E v e n t h ou gh t h e r e h as b e e n c on s t an t p r ogr e s s i n t h e l oc al i z at i on of b r ai n r e gi on s ac t i - v at e d d u r i n g c r e at i v e t as k s , an d w h i c h f u n c t i on al m od u l e s t h at ar e i n v ol v e d , c r e at i v i t y i s s t i l l a r at h e r u n k n ow n p h e n om e n on . O n e p r ob ab l e r e as on f or t h i s i s t h at t h e c om m on l y ac c e p t e d d e fi n i t i on of c r e at i v i t y , n am e l y t h e c om b i n at i on of n ov e l t y an d v al u e , i s i n s u ffi c i e n t . T h e d e fi n i t i on m u s t b e e x p an d e d t o e n c om p as s al l as p e c t s of c r e at i v i t y as i n t u i t i v e l y u n d e r s t ood . 1 . 2 C e nt r a l Q ue s t i o n C a n a co m p u t er r ea l l y be cr ea t i ve? T h i s i s t h e p h i l os op h i c al q u e s t i on t h at d e fi n e s t h i s t h e s i s an d i s i n e s s e n c e an at t e m p t t o i n t e r t w i n e p s y c h ol ogi c al an d c om p u t at i on al r e s e ar c h on c r e at i v i t y . I t i s s u gge s t e d t h at f or a c om p r e h e n s i v e c om p u t at i on al ap p r oac h t o c r e at i v i t y t o b e p os s i b l e , t h i s c om p u t at i on al ap p r oac h s h ou l d b e f ou n d e d on t h e s am e p r i n c i p l e s u p on w h i c h h u m an c r e at i v i t y i s f ou n d e d , p r e s u m ab l y h u m an c ogn i t i on . I f n ot t h e b e h av i or m i gh t p e r h ap s ap p e ar l i k e c r e at i v i t y , b u t w i l l i n r e al i t y on l y b e a s h al l ow i m i t at i on .  C h ap t e r 1. I n t r o d u ct i o n 4 T h e p u r p os e of t h e t h e s i s i s t h e r e f or e t o m e t h od ol ogi c al l y e x am i n e c r e at i v i t y r e s e ar c h f r om p s y c h ol ogi c al an d c om p u t at i on al p e r s p e c t i v e s , i n or d e r t o c on s t r u c t a h u m an - b as e d d e fi n i t i on of c r e at i v i t y . W i t h t h i s d e fi n i t i on i n p l ac e , t h e p os s i b i l i t y of ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y c an b e p r op e r l y as s e s s e d . I n ad d i t i on t o t h e d e fi n i t i on an d as s e s s m e n t , t h i s t h e s i s w i l l al s o e x am i n e p os s i b l e m e t h - od s f or i m p l e m e n t at i on . T h e ap p r oac h w i l l b e t o l ook at e x i s t i n g m od e l s of c ogn i t i on an d c r e at i v i t y , c om p ar i n g an d d i s c u s s i n g r e l e v an t p r ob l e m s w i t h i n ar t i fi c i al i n t e l l i ge n c e ( AI ) an d i n v e s t i gat i n g al r e ad y op e r at i n g “s e m i - c r e at i v e ” ar t i fi c i al age n t s . 1 . 3 T he o r e t i ca l R e l e v a nce T h e r e l e v an c e of t h e t h e s i s i s t w of ol d . F i r s t l y a c l e ar d e fi n i t i on of c r e at i v i t y t h at s at i s fi e s h u m an i n t u i t i on , an d m at c h e s c u r r e n t p s y c h ol ogi c al an d c om p u t at i on al r e s e ar c h , w ou l d b e u s e f u l f or r e s e ar c h i n al l d om ai n s . S u c h a d e fi n i t i on w ou l d s t an d ar d i z e r e s e ar c h t e r m i n ol ogy , h e l p i n g t o m i n i m i z e m i s u n d e r s t an d i n gs i n c r e at i v i t y r e s e ar c h . S e c on d l y , t h e s k e t c h of a p os s i b l e i m p l e m e n t at i on i s r e l e v an t as i t m ay c on t r i b u t e t o a p r ac t i c al f r am e w or k ou t of w h i c h t r u l y c r e at i v e ar t i fi c i al age n t s m ay ar i s e . 1 . 4 F o unda t i o ns a nd L i m i t a t i o ns T h i s t h e s i s w i l l f ol l ow t h e n ot i on t h at c r e at i v i t y i s a p r ob l e m - s ol v i n g p r oc e s s t h at i s a c ol l ab or at i on of s e v e r al c ogn i t i v e , c on t e x t u al an d s oc i al ab i l i t i e s , a n ot i on w i t h i n c r e as i n g e m p i r i c al s u p p or t . I t w i l l al s o b e b as e d on t h e h y p ot h e s i s t h at t h e c ogn i t i v e m ac h i n e r y b e h i n d c r e at i v i t y i s , p r i m ar y , an as s oc i at i v e p r oc e s s i n w h i c h p r e e x i s t i n g k n ow l e d ge i s c om b i n e d i n n e w w ay s an d t h at i t i s t h e s e c om b i n at i on s t h at , af t e r e v al u at i on c on s t i t u t e t h e c r e at i v e p r od u c t . O n t h e c ogn i t i v e l e v e l , t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s i s t h ou gh t t o b e t h e r e s u l t of a c y c l e of d i v e r ge n t an d c on v e r ge n t t h i n k i n g, i n w h i c h ge n e r at i on of n ov e l t y an d e s t i m at i on of v al u e i s p e r f or m e d . I n t h e t h e s i s t h e d i s c u s s i on h as b e e n ab s t r ac t e d aw ay f r om an y p ar t i c u l ar fi e l d of c r e - at i v i t y , b y d i s c u s s i n g on l y f or m al p r op e r t i e s of t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s . T h e p ap e r i s i n  C h ap t e r 1. I n t r o d u ct i o n 5 i t s e l f m e t h od ol ogi c al an d p r ov i d e s s u gge s t i on s on w h e r e t o l ook f or p os s i b l e s ol u t i on s r at h e r t h an off e r e v i d e n c e f or ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y . T h e f oc u s of t h e c om p u t at i on al s e c t i on of t h e t h e s i s w i l l b e t h e d om ai n of s e r e n d i p i t y i n w h i c h c on c e p t s ar e ac c i d e n t al l y c om b i n e d . T h i s h as b e e n s u gge s t e d t o b e a good s t ar t i n g p oi n t i n ar t i fi c i al ap p r oac h e s s i n c e i t m i n i m i z e s p r ob l e m s of i n i t i at i on of , an d e v al u at i on w i t h i n , t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s , as w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d l at e r . T h e or e t i c al an d e m p i r i c al m ot i v at i on f or t h e s e as s u m p t i on s w i l l b e p r ov i d e d i n c h ap t e r t w o. 1 . 5 T he s i s St r uct ur e T h e r e m ai n d e r of t h e t h e s i s w i l l b e s t r u c t u r e d as f ol l ow i n g: C h ap t e r t w o p r ov i d e s an ov e r v i e w of t h e c r e at i v i t y l i t e r at u r e . I t w i l l s u m m ar i z e t h e c ogn i t i v e t h e or i e s , G en ep l o r e an d C o n cep t u a l I n t egr a t i o n T h eo r y . C h ap t e r t h r e e w i l l p r e s e n t an ou t l i n e f or a d e fi n i t i on of c r e at i v i t y . T h e d e fi n i t i on i s b as e d on t h e t h e or i e s i n c h ap t e r t w o, h u m an i n t u i t i on an d p s y c h ol ogi c al r e s e ar c h . T h e c h ap t e r i s d i v i d e d i n t o d i s c u s s i on s of t h e c r e at i v e p r od u c t , t h e c r e at i v e age n t , an d t h e c r e at i v e p r oc e s s . C h ap t e r f ou r c ov e r s ar t i fi c i al c r e at i v i t y . Af t e r i n t r od u c i n g t h e r e l at i on s h i p b e t w e e n AI an d c r e at i v i t y , d i ff e r e n t p r ob l e m s an d ap p r oac h e s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d . F i n al l y a p os s i b l e ap p r oac h w i l l b e s u gge s t e d f or t h e f u l fi l l m e n t of t h e p r e v i ou s l y i n t r od u c e d d e fi n i t i on . C h ap t e r fi v e c on s i s t s of d i s c u s s i on an d e v al u at i on of t h e d e fi n i t i on an d p r op os e d ap - p r oac h . D i s c u s s i on s on e m ot i on s , t h e or y of m i n d , an d n e u r al n e t w or k s ar e al s o t o b e f ou n d h e r e . C h ap t e r s i x i s a c on c l u d i n g c h ap t e r , i n w h i c h t h e r e s e ar c h i s s u m m ar i z e d an d f u t u r e r e s e ar c h p os s i b i l i t i e s ar e i n t r od u c e d .  C ha pt e r 2 T he o r e t i ca l F o unda t i o n 2 . 1 B r i e f H i s t o r y o f C r e a t i v i t y R e s e a r ch As m e n t i on e d i n t h e i n t r od u c t i on , a c on s i d e r ab l e am ou n t of r e s e ar c h h as b e e n d on e on c r e at i v i t y , d e s p i t e i t b e i n g t h ou gh t u n s c i e n t i fi c i n s om e c i r c l e s . I n i t i al l y , m u c h of t h e r e s e ar c h i n t h e d om ai n of p s y c h ol ogy w as f oc u s e d on e i t h e r s t u d y i n g p e r s on s w i t h e x t r aor d i n ar y l e v e l s of c r e at i v i t y , b e i t i n t h e s c i e n c e s or i n t h e ar t s , or on t r y i n g t o d e t e r m i n e an i n d i v i d u al ’ s l e v e l of c r e at i v e ab i l i t y , s i m i l ar t o h ow t h e I n t e l l i ge n c e Q u ot i e n t ( I Q ) gi v e s an e s t i m at e of a p e r s on ’ s i n t e l l i ge n c e . S u c h r e s e ar c h , w h i c h f oc u s e s on i n d i v i d u al d i ff e r e n c e s an d p ar t i c u l ar l y h i gh e r l e v e l s of c r e at i v e ab i l i t y , i s of t e n r e f e r r e d t o as t h e C r ea t i ve P eo p l e A p p r o a ch [ 4 ] . T h e at t e m p t t o d e v e l op a c r e at i v e c ou n t e r p ar t t o I Q h as b e e n r at h e r u n s u c c e s s f u l i n p r ov i d i n g a d e e p e r u n d e r s t an d i n g of t h e n at u r e of c r e at i v i t y . I t d oe s n ot ap p e ar t o b e p os s i b l e t o m e as u r e c r e at i v i t y e q u al l y b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u al s n or b e t w e e n d i ff e r e n t c on t e x t s . D i ff e r e n t d om ai n s an d fi e l d s of c r e at i v i t y r e q u i r e d i ff e r e n t c ogn i t i v e s k i l l s , an d e ac h i n d i v i d u al h as t h e i r ow n as s oc i at i v e m e m or y an d k n ow l e d ge b as e [ 1 1 ] . S c i e n t i fi c r e s u l t s h av e i n d i c at e d t h at c r e at i v i t y i s a f or m of h i gh e r c ogn i t i on , n am e l y a c ol l ab or at i on of s e v e r al c ogn i t i v e f u n c t i on s [ 5 , 1 2 ] . T h i s h as s u p p or t f r om s e v e r al d i r e c t i on s , i n c l u d i n g t h e gr ow i n g b i o- p s y c h ol ogi c al r e s u l t s t h at s h ow ac t i v at i on d u r i n g c r e at i v e t as k s i n t h e p r e - f r on t al c or t e x , an ar e a w h i c h i s k n ow n t o or c h e s t r at e h i gh e r f u n c t i on s [ 1 3 ] . 6