Body Image, Eating, and Weight (PDF)

123 A Guide to Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention Massimo Cuzzolaro Secondo Fassino Editors Body Image, Eating, and Weight  Body Image, Eating, and Weight  Massimo Cuzzolaro · Secondo Fassino Editors Body Image, Eating, and Weight A Guide to Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention  Editors Massimo Cuzzolaro Formerly University Sapienza of Rome Editor-in-Chief of Eating and Weight Disorders Campiglia Marittima (LI) Italy Secondo Fassino Department of Neuroscience University of Turin Torino Italy ISBN 978-3-319-90816-8 ISBN 978-3-319-90817-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955861 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland  v Preface The living human body feels, conceives, imagines, represents, evaluates, loves, hates, and manipulates itself. The relationship between a human being and his/her own body is a borderland, an area of study and practice open to philosophers, histo- rians, sociologists, artists, anthropologists, anatomists, aesthetic physicians, plastic surgeons, neuroscientists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and bioethicists. Disturbances of the so-called body image are crucial issues in eating and weight disorders. The book deals with the interface between body image and eating and weight disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, orthorexia ner- vosa, overweight, obesity, etc.) to offer a comprehensive and up-to-date review of research findings and theoretical assumptions. Disorders of body experience may be associated with identified lesions and dis- eases affecting the nervous system or be part of some psychiatric syndromes with- out established neurobiological alterations. They challenge the descriptive classifications of mental disorders. In fact, body image disturbances are also linked to intrapsychic mechanisms as well as different cultural inputs across the lifespan. The first chapter of the book explores the umbrella concepts of body image and body schema from different viewpoints. The knotty problems of definition and classification of eating disorders, body image disorders, and obesities are discussed to shed light on the current debate (Chaps. 2, 4, and 13). Chapter 3 is devoted to the body image assessment methods in children, adoles- cents, and adults. Chapter 5 reviews the syndrome that in the last three decades has been called body dysmorphic disorder, while the historical roots of the invention of dysmorpho- phobia at the end of the nineteenth century are analyzed in Chap. 6. Neuroscientific and brain imaging studies on body image in eating and weight disorders are examined in Chap. 7. Five chapters (Chaps. 8–12) discuss body image disturbances in different eating disorders, according to the current classifications, while four chapters (Chaps. 14– 17) examine body image problems in higher-weight children, adolescents, adults, and after weight loss.  vi Chapters 18 and 19 consider specific issues associated with native gender, gen- der identity, and sexual orientation. The effects of sexual abuse on body image and eating and weight-control behav- iors are explored in Chap. 20. Feminist perspectives on the etiology and treatment of body image disturbance in eating disorders are the subject of Chap. 24. Two chapters review studies on body shame (Chap. 27) and the consequences of social weight stigma (Chap. 28), while Chap. 31 investigates some cultural differences. Chapter 29 reviews the studies on body image, eating, and weight disorders in models, dancers, and aesthetic athletes. Treatment of body image disturbances associated with eating and weight disor- ders is the topic of five chapters devoted to pharmacotherapy (Chap. 26), psychody- namic psychotherapies (Chap. 21), family functioning (Chap. 22), transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy (Chap. 23), and virtual reality, a new promising research field described in Chap. 25. Chapter 30 discusses the experiments of integrated prevention of eating and weight disorders and the role of body image in those programs. All the authors tried to offer a clear even if problematic overview of the above- mentioned topical questions. Health professionals who work in the fields of eating disorders, obesity, body image, adolescence, public health, and prevention should be interested. Rome, Italy Massimo Cuzzolaro Turin, Italy Secondo Fassino Preface  vii 1 Body Schema and Body Image: History and Controversies . . . . . . . . 1 Massimo Cuzzolaro 2 Diagnostic Classification of Body Image Disturbances . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Secondo Fassino and Enrica Marzola 3 Body Image: Methods of Assessment in Children, Adolescents, and Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Enrica Marzola, Massimo Cuzzolaro, and Giovanni Abbate-Daga 4 Diagnostic Classification of Eating Disorders: The Role of Body Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Umberto Volpe, Alessio Maria Monteleone, and Palmiero Monteleone 5 Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Muscle Dysmorphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Massimo Cuzzolaro 6 Enrico Morselli and the Invention of Dysmorphophobia . . . . . . . . . . 85 Massimo Cuzzolaro and Umberto Nizzoli 7 Neuroscience, Brain Imaging, and Body Image in Eating and Weight Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Santino Gaudio, Antonios Dakanalis, Giuseppe Fariello, and Giuseppe Riva 8 Body Image Disturbances in Anorexia Nervosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Enrica Marzola and Giovanni Abbate-Daga 9 Body Image Disturbances in Bulimia Nervosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Daniela Degortes, Paolo Santonastaso, and Angela Favaro 10 Body Image and Binge Eating Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Federico Amianto and Secondo Fassino 11 Body Image Disturbances in Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Patrizia Todisco Contents  viii 12 Orthorexia Nervosa and Body Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Anna Brytek-Matera and Lorenzo M. Donini 13 Obesities: Controversies in Diagnosis and Classification . . . . . . . . . . 173 Ottavio Bosello, Angiola Vanzo, Maria Pia Donataccio, and Massimo Cuzzolaro 14 Studies on Body Image in Children and Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Caterina Lombardo 15 Studies on Body Image in Adults with Non-BED Overweight/Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian 16 Non-surgical Weight Loss and Body Image Changes in Children, Adolescents, and Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Federico Amianto 17 Studies on Body Image Changes After Bariatric Surgery in Adults . 233 Luca Busetto, Federica Buongiorno, and Sami Schiff 18 Body Image in Males with Eating and Weight Disorders . . . . . . . . . . 247 Emilia Manzato and Giovanni Gravina 19 Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Body Image, Eating, and Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Massimo Cuzzolaro and Walter Milano 20 Sexual Abuse and Body Image in Eating and Weight Disorders . . . . 273 Giovanni Castellini and Valdo Ricca 21 Psychoanalysis and Treatment of Body Image Disturbances in Eating and Weight Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Secondo Fassino and Federico Amianto 22 Family Functioning and Body Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Federico Amianto and Secondo Fassino 23 Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioural Theory and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance in Eating Disorders . . . . 309 Riccardo Dalle Grave and Simona Calugi 24 Feminist Perspectives on the Etiology and Treatment of Body Dissatisfaction, Eating, and Weight-Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Melinda A. Green 25 Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Body Image Disturbances in Eating and Weight Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Giuseppe Riva, Santino Gaudio, Silvia Serino, Antonios Dakanalis, Marta Ferrer-García, and José Gutiérrez-Maldonado Contents  ix 26 Drug Treatment of Body Image Disturbance in Mental Disorders . . 353 Matteo Balestrieri 27 Studies on Body Shame in Eating and Weight Disorders . . . . . . . . . . 369 Giada Pietrabissa, Giorgia Varallo, Cesare Cavalera, Gian Mauro Manzoni, Roberto Cattivelli, Alessandro Rossi, Margherita Novelli, Federica Scarpina, Valentina Villa, Enrico Molinari, and Gianluca Castelnuovo 28 Studies on Weight Stigma and Body Image in Higher-Weight Individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Angela Meadows and Rachel M. Calogero 29 Studies on Body Image, Eating, and Weight in Models, Dancers, and Aesthetic Athletes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Rita Francisco 30 Body Image in the Integrated Prevention of Eating and Weight Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Ottavio Bosello, Angiola Vanzo, and Massimo Cuzzolaro 31 Body Image, Eating, and Weight. Some Cultural Differences . . . . . . 427 Carla Gramaglia, Claudia Delicato, and Patrizia Zeppegno Contents  xi Contributors Giovanni Abbate-Daga Eating Disorders Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Federico Amianto Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Matteo Balestrieri University of Udine, Udine, Italy Ottavio Bosello Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Anna Brytek-Matera SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland Federica Buongiorno Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Luca Busetto Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Rachel M. Calogero Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada Simona Calugi Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda (VR), Italy Giovanni Castellini Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Florence University School of Medicine, Florence, Italy Gianluca Castelnuovo Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy Roberto Cattivelli Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy Cesare Cavalera Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy  xii Massimo Cuzzolaro Formerly Medical Pathophysiology Department, Eating Disorders and Obesity Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Antonios Dakanalis Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy Riccardo Dalle Grave Department of Eating and Weight Disorders, Villa Garda Hospital, Garda (VR), Italy Daniela Degortes Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy Claudia Delicato Department of Translational Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy Maria Pia Donataccio Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Lorenzo M. Donini Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Giuseppe Fariello Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy Secondo Fassino Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Angela Favaro Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy Marta Ferrer-García Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Rita Francisco School of Human Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal Santino Gaudio Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Centre for Integrated Research (CIR), Area of Diagnostic Imaging, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università “Campus Bio-Medico di Roma”, Rome, Italy Carla Gramaglia Department of Translational Medicine, Psychiatry Institute, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy SC Psichiatria—AOU Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Novara, Italy Contributors  xiii Giovanni Gravina Hospital San Rossore, Pisa, Italy Melinda A. Green Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Cornell College, Mt Vernon, IA, USA José Gutiérrez-Maldonado Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Caterina Lombardo Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Emilia Manzato University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy Gian Mauro Manzoni Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate (Como), Italy Enrica Marzola Eating Disorders Center, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Angela Meadows School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Walter Milano ASL Napoli 1, Napoli, Italy Mental Disorders Department, Eating Disorders Unit, Napoli, Italy Enrico Molinari Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy Alessio Maria Monteleone Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy Palmiero Monteleone Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy Umberto Nizzoli Eating Disorders and Addictions Services of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy Italian Society for the Study of Eating Disorders (SISDCA), Reggio Emilia, Italy Margherita Novelli Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Giada Pietrabissa Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian University of Rijeka, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Rijeka, Croatia Contributors  xiv Valdo Ricca Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Florence University School of Medicine, Florence, Italy Giuseppe Riva Centro Studi e Ricerche di Psicologia della Comunicazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy Alessandro Rossi Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Paolo Santonastaso Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy Federica Scarpina Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy “Rita Levi Montalcini” Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Sami Schiff Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Silvia Serino Centro Studi e Ricerche di Psicologia della Comunicazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy Patrizia Todisco Eating Disorders Unit, Villa Margherita, Vicenza, Italy Angiola Vanzo Department of Food Hygiene and Nutrition, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy Giorgia Varallo Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Valentina Villa Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Psychology Research Laboratory, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy Umberto Volpe Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy Patrizia Zeppegno Department of Translational Medicine, Psychiatry Institute, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy SC Psichiatria—AOU Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Novara, Italy Contributors  1 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 M. Cuzzolaro, S. Fassino (eds.), Body Image, Eating, and Weight, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_1 M. Cuzzolaro Formerly Medical Pathophysiology Department, Eating Disorders and Obesity Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy 1 Body Schema and Body Image: History and Controversies Massimo Cuzzolaro 1.1 Introduction The language is a primary clinical and research tool. The expressions body schema and body image have been increasingly used in the scientific literature of the twen- tieth century, especially the second one (Fig. 1.1). They appear in neurological, psychiatric, psychological, psychoanalytical, sociological, and phenomenological studies of body experience, sometimes as distinct concepts, at other times as synonyms. In 1986, Shaun Gallagher put the accent on the “conceptual confusion and the terminological ambiguity” connected with the use of these expressions and pro- posed “a phenomenological clarification” [1] (p. 541). He suggested that body image should indicate “a conscious awareness of one’s own body”, perceptual, cog- nitive, emotional, and differentiated from the environment (p. 544). In contrast, he defined the body schema as a non-conscious system of sensory-motor capacities, a pre-personal, holistic “performance of the body” that functions in communion with its environment (p. 549 and 552). In 2005, Gallagher confirmed and developed his distinction in a book that was a relevant contribution to the recent theory of embod- ied cognition [2]. Recurrently, scientists and philosophers have tried to more clearly define these possible two types of body representation and the interactions between the body we perceive and the body we act with [3, 4]. However, a shared and consistent definition of these two concepts, with a clear distinction between them, does not exist yet. Some old and recent books and articles may offer a powerful lens through which to inspect the remote antecedents of these two metaphorical terms and their still uncertain boundaries. Table 1.1 is an arbitrary choice of some significant stages in  2 104 3576 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 body schema body image 1947 - 31 December 2017 11 301 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 body schema body image 1 January 2017 - 31 December 2017 Fig. 1.1 Number of PubMed articles with a title that contains body schema or body image Table 1.1 A list of some historical steps in the study of mental body representations Year First author Concepts and words 1545 A. Paré Paré first described a phenomenon that was later called ‘phantom limb’ 1794 C.F. Hübner Caenesthesis (coenaesthesia, or coenaesthesis, or coenesthesia, or cenesthesia) 1882 J. Cotard délire des négations (delusion of negation) 1891 E. Morselli dismorfofobia (dysmorphophobia) 1898 L. Dugas dépersonnalisation (depersonalization) 1900 C. Wernicke Somatopsyche (self-consciousness of the body) 1903 P.M.F. Janet obsession de la honte du corps (the obsession of body shame) 1905 P. Bonnier schéma corporel (body schema) 1908 A. Pick Autotopagnosie (autotopagnosia, somatotopagnosia) 1914 J. Babinski anosognosie (anosognosia), anosodiaphorie (anosodiaphoria) 1923 P.F. Schilder Körperschema 1935 P.F. Schilder body image 1937 W. Penfield cortical homunculus sensorius and homunculus motorius 1939 J.J. Lhermitte l’image de notre corps (the image of our own body) 1967 A. Stunkard obesity and the body image 1984 J. Rodin normative discontent 2000 T. Cash body image and human appearance 2001 C. Semenza towards a neuropsychological-based theory of body representation M. Cuzzolaro