College Success - OpenStax CNX (PDF)

  College Success SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHOR AMY BALDWIN, UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL ARKANSAS  OpenStax Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005 To learn more about OpenStax, visit https://openstax.org. Individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our website. ©2020 Rice University. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). 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Trademarks The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, OpenStax CNX logo, OpenStax Tutor name, Openstax Tutor logo, Connexions name, Connexions logo, Rice University name, and Rice University logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. HARDCOVER BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-951693-16-9 B&W PAPERBACK BOOK ISBN-13 978-1-951693-18-3 DIGITAL VERSION ISBN-13 978-1-951693-17-6 ORIGINAL PUBLICATION YEAR 2020 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  OPENSTAX OpenStax provides free, peer-reviewed, openly licensed textbooks for introductory college and Advanced Placement® courses and low-cost, personalized courseware that helps students learn. A nonprofit ed tech initiative based at Rice University, we’re committed to helping students access the tools they need to complete their courses and meet their educational goals. RICE UNIVERSITY OpenStax, OpenStax CNX, and OpenStax Tutor are initiatives of Rice University. As a leading research university with a distinctive commitment to undergraduate education, Rice University aspires to path-breaking research, unsurpassed teaching, and contributions to the betterment of our world. It seeks to fulfill this mission by cultivating a diverse community of learning and discovery that produces leaders across the spectrum of human endeavor. PHILANTHROPIC SUPPORT OpenStax is grateful for our generous philanthropic partners, who support our vision to improve educational opportunities for all learners. Laura and John Arnold Foundation Chegg, Inc. Arthur and Carlyse Ciocca Charitable Foundation Ann and John Doerr Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Girard Foundation Google Inc. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation The Hewlett-Packard Company Rusty and John Jaggers The Calvin K. Kazanjian Economics Foundation Charles Koch Foundation Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Inc. The Maxfield Foundation Burt and Deedee McMurtry Michelson 20MM Foundation National Science Foundation The Open Society Foundations Jumee Yhu and David E. Park III Brian D. Patterson USA-International Foundation The Bill and Stephanie Sick Fund Robin and Sandy Stuart Foundation The Stuart Family Foundation Tammy and Guillermo Treviño   TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 1 Exploring College 7 1.1 Why College? 9 1.2 The First Year of College Will Be an Experience 15 1.3 College Culture and Expectations 18 1.4 How Can This Book And This Course Help? 30 2 Knowing Yourself as a Learner 33 2.1 The Power to Learn 34 2.2 The Motivated Learner 38 2.3 It's All in the Mindset 49 2.4 Learning Styles 56 2.5 Personality Types and Learning 60 2.6 Applying What You Know about Learning 65 2.7 The Hidden Curriculum 69 3 Managing Your Time and Priorities 73 3.1 The Benefits of Time Management 74 3.2 Time Management in College 76 3.3 Procrastination: The Enemy Within 81 3.4 How to Manage Time 85 3.5 Prioritization: Self-Management of What You Do and When You Do It 91 3.6 Goal Setting and Motivation 101 3.7 Enhanced Strategies for Time and Task Management 105 4 Planning Your Academic Pathways 115 4.1 Defining Values and Setting Goals 117 4.2 Planning Your Degree Path 123 4.3 Making a Plan 137 4.4 Managing Change and the Unexpected 143 5 Reading and Notetaking 151 5.1 The Nature and Types of Reading 153 5.2 Effective Reading Strategies 156 5.3 Taking Notes 169  6 Studying, Memory, and Test Taking 191 6.1 Memory 192 6.2 Studying 201 6.3 Test Taking 210 7 Thinking 221 7.1 What Thinking Means 223 7.2 Creative Thinking 224 7.3 Analytical Thinking 233 7.4 Critical Thinking 236 7.5 Problem-Solving 240 7.6 Metacognition 242 7.7 Information Literacy 246 8 Communicating 255 8.1 An Overview of Communication 256 8.2 Purpose of Communication 260 8.3 Communication and Technology 261 8.4 The Context of Communication 271 8.5 Barriers to Effective Communication 277 9 Understanding Civility and Cultural Competence 283 9.1 What Is Diversity, and Why Is Everybody Talking About It? 284 9.2 Categories of Diversity 299 9.3 Navigating the Diversity Landscape 305 9.4 Inclusivity and Civility: What Role Can I Play? 315 10 Understanding Financial literacy 319 10.1 Personal Financial Planning 321 10.2 Savings, Expenses, and Budgeting 327 10.3 Banking and Emergency Funds 333 10.4 Credit Cards and Other Debt 341 10.5 Education Debt: Paying for College 345 10.6 Defending against Attack: Securing Your Identity and Accounts 355 11 Engaging in a Healthy Lifestyle 365 11.1 Taking Care of Your Physical Health 367 11.2 Sleep 374 11.3 Taking Care of Your Emotional Health 379 11.4 Taking Care of Your Mental Health 383 This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col30990/1.7  11.5 Maintaining Healthy Relationships 388 11.6 Your Safety 393 12 Planning for Your Future 403 12.1 Why Worry about a Career While I'm in College? 404 12.2 Your Map to Success: The Career Planning Cycle 410 12.3 Where Can You Go from Here? 432 A Conducting and Presenting Research 435 B Recommended Readings 445 C Activities and Artifacts From the Book 447 Index 455  This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col30990/1.7  Welcome to College Success, an OpenStax resource. This textbook was written to increase student access to high-quality learning materials, maintaining highest standards of academic rigor at little to no cost. About OpenStax OpenStax is a nonprofit based at Rice University, and it’s our mission to improve student access to education. Our first openly licensed college textbook was published in 2012, and our library has since scaled to over 35 books for college and AP® courses used by hundreds of thousands of students. OpenStax Tutor, our low-cost personalized learning tool, is being piloted in college courses throughout the country. Through our partnerships with philanthropic foundations and our alliance with other educational resource organizations, OpenStax is breaking down the most common barriers to learning and empowering students and instructors to succeed. About OpenStax Resources Customization College Success is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) license, which means that you can distribute, remix, and build upon the content, as long as you provide attribution to OpenStax and its content contributors. Because our books are openly licensed, you are free to use the entire book or pick and choose the sections that are most relevant to the needs of your course. Feel free to remix the content by assigning your students certain chapters and sections in your syllabus, in the order that you prefer. You can even provide a direct link in your syllabus to the sections in the web view of your book. Instructors also have the option of creating a customized version of their OpenStax book. The custom version can be made available to students in low-cost print or digital form through their campus bookstore. Visit the Instructor Resources section of your book page on openstax.org for more information. Art Attribution in College Success In College Success, most art contains attribution to its title, creator or rights holder, host platform, and license within the caption. For art that is openly licensed, anyone may reuse the art as long as they provide the same attribution to its original source. Some art has been provided through permissions and should only be used with the attribution or limitations provided in the credit. If art contains no attribution credit, it may be reused without attribution. Errata All OpenStax textbooks undergo a rigorous review process. However, like any professional-grade textbook, errors sometimes occur. Since our books are web based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. If you have a correction to suggest, submit it through the link on your book page on openstax.org. Subject matter experts review all errata suggestions. OpenStax is committed to remaining transparent about all updates, so you will also find a list of past errata changes on your book page on openstax.org. Preface Preface 1  Format You can access this textbook for free in web view or PDF through openstax.org, and for a low cost in print. About College Success College Success is designed to meet the course needs of a one-semester course, workshop, or seminar for first year experience or college transition students. FYE programs vary greatly according to institution, so the textbook has been developed to cover the most common concepts, and the open license and flexible formats provide many opportunities for coordinators, instructional designers, and faculty to tailor the material for their needs. This book is an invitation—an invitation to students to step boldly into their college experience. College Success addresses the evolving challenges and opportunities of today’s diverse students. The intensive development work leveraged expertise from hundreds of FYE coordinators and faculty across the country. It highlights resources available to students as they embark on new roads of independence and responsibility. Students engage in careful self-analysis and research-based strategies to identify their strengths, challenges, and aptitudes. While they explore study skills and learning methods, they are continually asked to apply the concepts in reading, writing, and thinking exercises, which build both a solid base for classroom discussion and a portfolio they can augment throughout their college career. Recognizing the ubiquity of technology and social media, the authors address relevant information and advice where appropriate throughout the text. The material is rooted in motivation, growth-mindset, and resilience; student readers will feel seen and involved as they continually encounter one of the textbook’s core themes: “real-life” doesn’t stop when college starts. Student engagement and self-analysis are reflected in each section through applications and activities. Student reflection and opinions can be captured directly in the text, online, or in worksheets provided through the ancillary package. The diversity and intersectionality of students was considered in every example, context, and application, and the text’s active surveys and detailed profiles make student voices a key element of the reading. Interconnected topics are acknowledged and built upon, demonstrating that no element of college learning and growth occurs in isolation. The result is a cumulative, more complete understanding, which better prepares students to meet the multi-dimensional challenges of higher education. Openly licensed and free in all digital formats, the text provides unparalleled flexibility in its use, customization, and accessibility for faculty and students. The book is provided at no cost in online, pdf, epub, Kindle, and other formats. It is also available in print for a very low price. Robust instructor ancillaries will support faculty and course designers with teaching notes, additional exercises, worksheet versions of the in-text activities, lecture slides, and assessment items. Features • Student Profiles: The voices of real students inform every chapter. These students grapple with the same concepts, from improving study skills to embracing diversity, and through their experiences and successes we share important stories. • Get Connected: Apps, websites and tech opportunities that our experts recommend to help students better face the challenges of college and life beyond the classroom. • Analysis and Applications: Peppered through every chapter are opportunities for students to reflect on concepts, try out processes, and apply what they’re learning. • Career Connection: How can the material in each chapter help the student once they leave the 2 Preface This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col30990/1.7  classroom? Features at the end of every chapter help students apply what they’ve learned to work life. • Where Do You Go From Here?: Each chapter gives students the opportunity to dig in deeper and hone their research skills by choosing one topic for a closer look. Student Surveys and Results Chapters begin and end with a survey, posing questions that will get readers engaged in considering their own level of connection and understanding of the chapter’s concept, from time management to personal finance to career planning. The close of each chapter revisits the survey, helping students gauge how their understanding has evolved. Student survey results are gathered anonymously and will be regularly provided to adopters as part of the instructor resources. (See below for more information on instructor resources.) In the future, the surveys will be assignable and the results viewable on an individual-course basis. For the survey results featured in the textbook, hundreds of students from a diverse array of colleges and universities provided their feedback to inform future students taking the course. Estimated Module Completion Time Each section of College Success includes an estimate of the average time needed to read through the material, work on the activities and applications, and—where necessary—explore external websites or watch videos. Each student will engage the material differently, and faculty will likely prioritize or assign certain components over others. As a result, the actual time students spend will vary greatly. OpenStax will periodically update these estimates based on user feedback. As with all other elements of the text, these estimates may be adjusted by instructors (or deleted completely) based on addition or removal of material or activities. Additional Resources Student and Instructor Resources We’ve compiled additional resources for both students and instructors, including Getting Started Guides, lecture slides, and a Test Bank. The most robust of these is the Instructor Resource Manual, developed by author Amy Baldwin based on extensive experience and requests from faculty reviewers and survey respondents. For each chapter, the IRM will contain: • Detailed teaching suggestions • Bloom’s Taxonomy matrix, indicating the alignment of each chapter activity and application to the level of Bloom’s it fulfills. • Overarching “big picture” questions from the chapter • Topical and cumulative case scenario activities, which present a realistic situation based on the concepts, and ask students to respond via writing or another method. These may be adapted and assigned by instructors. Instructor resources require a verified instructor account, which you can apply for when you log in or create your account on openstax.org. Instructor and student resources are typically available within a few months after the book’s initial publication. Take advantage of these resources to supplement your OpenStax book. Community Hubs OpenStax partners with the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education (ISKME) to offer Preface 3  Community Hubs on OER Commons—a platform for instructors to share community-created resources that support OpenStax books, free of charge. Through our Community Hubs, instructors can upload their own materials or download resources to use in their own courses, including additional ancillaries, teaching material, multimedia, and relevant course content. We encourage instructors to join the hubs for the subjects most relevant to your teaching and research as an opportunity both to enrich your courses and to engage with other faculty. To reach the Community Hubs, visit www.oercommons.org/hubs/OpenStax. Technology Partners As allies in making high-quality learning materials accessible, our technology partners offer optional low-cost tools that are integrated with OpenStax books. To access the technology options for your text, visit your book page on openstax.org. About the Authors Senior Contributing Author Amy Baldwin, University of Central Arkansas Amy Baldwin has dedicated her entire career to supporting students in their successful transition to college. She wrote the first, groundbreaking student success textbook for community colleges and for first-generation students. After 18 years as an award winning community college professor, she now serves as Director of the Department of Student Transitions at the University of Central Arkansas. This unique blend of experience provides perspective on two critical student and faculty populations, which she has brought to this book and her extensive work with Complete College America, Achieving the Dream, and the Developmental Education Initiative. Amy and her husband Kyle live in Arkansas and have two children, Emily and Will. Contributing Authors Lisa August, Canisius College James Bennett, Herzing University Larry Buland, Metropolitan Community College Sabrina Mathues, Brookdale Community College Susan Monroe, Northern Virginia Community College MJ O’Leary, Wellness Multiplied Ann Pearson, San Jacinto College Joshua Troesh, El Camino College Margit Misangyi Watts, University of Hawai’i at Manoa Reviewers Nagash Clarke, Washtenaw Community College Laura Crisp, Pellissippi State Community College Abbie Finnegan, Des Moines Area Community College Kim Fragopoulos, University of Massachusetts-Boston Maria Galyon, Jefferson Community & Technical College Kimberly A. Griffith, Bristol Community College Anna Howell, Portland Community College 4 Preface This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col30990/1.7  Sarah Howard, The Ohio State University Stacy L. Hurley, Baltimore County Community College Dawn Lee, Charleston Southern University Gail Malone, South Plains College Kim Martin, Chemeketa Community College Sherri Powell, Shawnee State University Bobby E. Roberts, Jr., Savannah State University Laila M. Shishineh, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Shavecca M. Snead, Albany State University Jason Smethers, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Angela C. Thering, SUNY Buffalo State Antione D. Tomlin, Anne Arundel Community College Jessica Traylor, Gordon State College Makeda K. Turner, University of Michigan Dave Urso, Blue Ridge Community College Margit Misangyi Watts, University of Hawaii at Manoa Ann Wolf, New Mexico Highlands University Preface 5