Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour (PDF)

The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 4, Issue 2, No. 85, DIP: 18.01.004/20170402 ISBN: 978-1-365-68608-5 http://www.ijip.in | January-March, 2017 © 2017 Ganesan R, Singh P; licensee IJIP. This is an Open Access Research distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any Medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student Dr. Rajesh Ganesan1, Pankaj Singh2* ABSTRACT Mathematics Anxiety is an irrational fear of Mathematics. Mathematics Anxiety is defined as "the presence of a syndrome of emotional reactions to arithmetic and mathematics" (Dreger & Aiken, 1957, p.344). It creates a feeling of tension, apprehension, or fear that interferes with performance in Mathematics and also results in ‘Mathematics-Avoidance’. Further, ‘Mathematics-Avoidance’ leads to less competency, exposure and practice of Mathematics, leaving students more anxious and mathematically, unprepared to achieve. Math anxiety is a learned response that inhibits cognitive performance in the math classroom. It is widespread among students from elementary age through college. Students suffering from math anxiety have difficulty performing calculations and maintaining a positive outlook on mathematics. Math anxiety is the result of a cycle of math avoidance that begins with negative experiences regarding mathematics. These students avoid Mathematic courses and tend to feel negative towards Mathematics and this also affects student’s overall confidence level. However, Behaviour Modification techniques have proven instruments that can reduce various types of anxieties and Super Brain Yoga for improving integration of the brain. This is a case study of a student of IX standard, Kendriya Vidalaya, Who was referred by his Mathematics teacher and parent complaining that the student becomes anxious whenever he encounters Mathematic problems. After taking Math autobiography it was revealed that the anxiety began due to harsh handling by father while teaching Mathematics. Students score in recent Mathematic exam was noted very low i.e 12/40. His Mathematics Anxiety was assessed by using Suri, Monroe and Koc’s (2012) 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Tripura Central University, Tripura, India 2 Assistant Professor of Psychology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India *Responding Author Received: December 20, 2016; Revision Received: January 1, 2017; Accepted: January 27, 2017  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 21 short Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Student’s hemispheric dominance of the brain was measured by using Taggart and Torrance’s Human Information Processing Survey (1984). This student was treated with Behaviour Modification techniques and Super Brain Yoga for six weeks. Interventions used are: (i) Reduction of Rate of Breathing (Ganesan, 2012). (ii) Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation (Jacobson, 1938) (iii) Laughter Technique (Ganesan, 2008b). (iv) Develpoment of Alternate Emotional Responses to the Threatening Stimulus (Ganesan, 2008a). (v) Super Brain Yoga (Sui, 2005). The anxiety level and performance in Mathematics exam was reassessed after six weeks. Results showed that Mathematics Anxiety was significantly reduced (60 to 20, 40%) and he performed better in the Mathematics exam (12/40 to 24/40, 30%). After reassessing student on Human Information Processing Survey by Taggart and Torrance (1984), it was found that student's dominant information processing mode was 'Integrated' and this shows that Behaviour Modification techniques and Super Brain Yoga are efficient in treating Mathematics Anxiety. Keywords: Mathematics Anxiety, Behaviour Modification, Super Brain Yoga. Behaviour Modification involves systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individual's overt and covert behaviours in order to enhance their daily functioning. Simple or specific anxieties have been quite effectively treated with behavior modification techniques. The behaviorists involved in classical conditioning techniques believe that the response of phobic fear is a reflex acquired to non-dangerous stimuli. The normal fear to a dangerous stimulus, such as a poisonous snake, has unfortunately been generalized over to non- poisonous ones as well. If the person were to be exposed to the non-dangerous stimulus time after time without any harm being experienced, the phobic response would gradually extinguish itself. Also, this assumes that the person does not also experience the dangerous stimulus during that same extended period of time. In other words, one would have to come across only non-poisonous snakes for a prolonged period of time for such extinction to occur. This is not likely to occur naturally, so behavior therapy sets up phobic treatment involving exposure to the phobic stimulus in a safe and controlled setting. John B Watson an American psychologist, who coined the term behaviorism, emphasized that habits are learned due to classical conditioning and also demonstrated it in a classical experiment (Watson & Rayner, 1920). Behaviour Modification is based on the learning theories and its basic  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 22 principle is that when we consistently respond to a stimulus in a particular manner neural network forms and it becomes habit. Habits can be learned and unlearned through Behaviour Modification. Further, in 1950s Joseph Wolpe research work based on Pavlovian conditioning and Sherrington (1947) observation led to inception of Reciprocal Inhibition. He extended the principal of reciprocal inhibition to state that if a response that is incompatible with the learned fear or anxiety can be made to occur to a stimulus that had been conditioned to produce that fear, then that stimulus will cease to elicit the fear reaction. Based on Sherrington (1947) observation that if one group of muscles is stimulated, an antagonistic muscle group will be inhibited, and vice versa, Joseph Wolpe propounded treatment for anxieties and irrational fears. Anxiety is an unadaptive habit which is formed due to wrong learning and can be treated by relearning the behaviour to form adaptive habits. Similarly Mathematics-Anxiety is treated with Behaviour Modification by relearning and creating alternate responses to the threatening stimulus. Alternate responses are created on the principle of Reciprocal Inhibition where an incompatible response is produced to counter the negative stimulus. Mathematics which has become a threatening stimulus due to various reasons can be de-conditioned by practicing techniques based on reciprocal inhibition. In Eastern medicine the outer portion of the ear is viewed as a micro-system representing the entire body. According to Dr. Paul Nogier MD, a neurologist, the ear corresponds to an inverted fetus curled in the womb. Points on the ear correspond with specific areas of the body, and the ear lobe corresponds to the head. Consequently, massage of these points can produce therapeutic benefits to the brain. The practice of ear piercing too has its real reasons being the stimulation of the pituitary and pineal glands, due to the effect of the pressure in the ear lobes. Based on this concept Super Brain Yoga was developed by Master Chou Kok Sui which activates our pineal and pituitary gland (Sui, 2005). Super Brain Yoga is a technique which enhances Alpha waves in the brain and Synchronization of left and right brain hemispheres (Sui, 2005). Increase in Alpha waves in the brain indicates that the body has become relaxed and thus Super Brain Yoga is an effective tool to reduce anxiety. Super Brain Yoga also synchronizes left and right brain hemispheres and integrates the brain. Students having integrated brain are efficient in solving Mathematical problems by using resources of both left and right hemisphere (Oliver, 2009). Thus practicing Super Brain Yoga every day helps to alleviate Mathematical Anxiety and also increases scholastic performance of the students in Mathematics exam by enhancing the integration of the brain.  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 23 Dr. Jacobson studied the relationship between muscular tension and various disorders of the body along with psyche and has stated that ‘mental calmness is a result of physical relaxation’ and ‘an anxious mind can’t exist in a relaxed body’. Stress and anxiety is strongly associated with muscle tension. Tension held in muscles adds physical discomfort or pain which commonly shows up as a headache, backache, stomachache, or pain neck etc. Progressive Muscle Relaxation of Dr Edmund Jacobson is a systematic technique for achieving a deep state of relaxation. Muscle could be relaxed by first tensing it for a few seconds and then releasing it. Muscular tension is usually followed as a by-product of anxiety, hence, one can lower and reduce anxiety by understanding and learning how to self relax those muscular tension. (McCallie et al., 2006). Thus Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation helps to reduce specific anxieties like Mathematics-Anxiety. Ganesan (2008, 2012) had studied the efficacy of the above Behaviour Modification techniques and found them effective in reduction of neurotic disorders like Anxieties. Combination of these techniques including Super Brain Yoga can play a significant role in the management of anxiety related to Mathematics. Hence there is a need for systematic evaluation of the efficacy of above mentioned techniques in the Management of Mathematics- Anxiety. This study has been undertaken in this direction with a view to implement these effective techniques. METHODOLOGY This is a case study of a student of IX standard, Kendriya Vidalaya, Who was referred by his Mathematics teacher and parent complaining that the student becomes anxious whenever he encounters Mathematic problems. After taking Math autobiography it was revealed that the anxiety began due to harsh handling by father while teaching Mathematics. Students score in recent Mathematic exam was noted very low i.e 12/40. His Mathematics Anxiety was assessed by using Suri, Monroe and Koc’s (2012) short Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Student’s hemispheric dominance of the brain was measured by using Taggart and Torrance’s Human Information Processing Survey (1984). This student was treated with Behaviour Modification techniques and Super Brain Yoga for six weeks. Interventions: The following interventions were given for six weeks i) Reduction of Rate of Breathing (Ganesan, 2012) ii) Development of Alternate Emotional Responses to Threatening Stimulus (Ganesan, 2008a) iii) Laughter Technique (Ganesan, 2008b) iv) Super Brain Yoga (Sui, 2005) v) Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation (Jacobson, 1938).  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 24 They were used to create reciprocal inhibition in the Math anxious student and enhanced integration of the brain. Student had relearned the new behaviour to form adaptive habit towards the Mathematics subject. RESULTS The student was reassessed after six weeks. Results showed that Mathematics Anxiety was reduced significantly (40%) from 60 to 20, on short Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (sMARS) [Table 1]. Table 1: Mathematics Anxiety Score Before And After Intervention Score Range (0-100) Before After six weeks Reduction 60 20 40% Whereas student’s academic performance in Mathematics was improved significantly (30%) from 12/40 to 24/40 [Table 2]. Table 2: Academic Performance In Mathematics Before And After Intervention. Score Maximum-40 Before After six weeks Gain 12 24 12 (30%) Student was assessed on Tagarat and Torrance’s Human Information Processing Survey (1984). Results showed that before intervention, the dominant mode of information processing was ‘Left’ with a score of 17, where Right Hemisphere and Integrated score were 15, 8 respectively. On reassessing the student after intervention, the dominant mode of processing found to be ‘Integrated’ with a comparatively higher score of 18, whereas Left Hemisphere and Right Hemisphere score were 10 and 12 respectively [Table 3]. Table 3: Human Information Processing Survey. Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Integrated Before 17 15 8 After 10 12 18 DISCUSSION The purpose of the present study was to manage Mathematics Anxiety. For the objective assessment of Mathematics Anxiety, a psychometric scale, namely, short Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale by Suri, Monroe and Koc (2012) was used and to find the dominant information processing mode of the student, Taggart and Torrance’s Human Information Processing Survey (1984) was used. Behaviour Modification techniques and Super Brain Yoga were used to treat  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 25 the student. Initially student’s recent score in Mathematics exam was collected, which was low, 12/40. Before giving interventions student was assessed for Mathematics Anxiety, where he score 60 and was assessed on Human Information Processing Survey. Student’s dominant mode of information processing was found to be ‘Left’, which implied that student’s brain uses logic to perform in Mathematics. Student was given intervention for six weeks with Behaviour Modification techniques, like Reduction of Rate of Breathing, Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Development of Alternate Emotional Responses to Threatening stimulus, Laughter Technique, and Super Brain Yoga. Reduction of rate of breathing initiates slow breathing or diaphragmatic breathing. According to the University of Texas Counseling and Mental Health Center, "Diaphragmatic breathing allows one to take normal breaths while maximizing the amount of oxygen that goes into the bloodstream. It is a way of interrupting the 'Fight or Flight' response and triggering the body's normal relaxation response". Slow breathing makes the diaphragm to stimulate vagus nerve and it further activates parasympathetic nervous system which alleviates the effect of sympathetic nervous system. Activation of parasympathetic nervous system reduces the effect of anxiety and relaxes the body. So, rate of reduction of breathing produces response which is incompatible to Mathematics Anxiety. Further, the muscle tension was relaxed by Jacobson Progressive muscle Relaxation technique. The idea behind progressive muscle relaxation is simply that of isolating one muscle group at a time, then intentionally creating muscle tension for 8-10 seconds, and then allowing the muscle to totally relax so as to release the tensions. When the body is aware of the presence of the tension, it will respond by triggering the muscles to relax, where the rest of the other components of the relaxation response will naturally follow. Lesser oxygen is needed for relaxed muscle and hence the rate of breathing is slow. Since the heart does not require to be beating so fast to supply oxygen out to tense muscles, heart rate and blood pressure decline. Thus the normal blood flow will return to the belly and digestion resumes where the belly is calmed and also the hands and feet are warmed up. As a result, this series of body adaptations all occur and fall naturally into place as the voluntary muscles are being directed into a state of relaxation, and changes in mood followed which make the body feeling calm and refreshed. This state of relaxation is incompatible to anxiety and thus effective in managing Mathematics Anxiety? Whereas, through Laughter Technique hormone called endorphin is released due exhaustion of abdominal muscles, which helps to alleviate the pain and stress caused due to Mathematics  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 26 Anxiety. Finally, by practicing Development of Alternate Response towards Mathematics enables the student to practice six types of emotions after seeing Mathematics as stimulus (a sheet having problems related to addition, subtraction, Multiplication and Division in five digits). The student was first asked to show anger towards the stimulus, and then was asked to laugh at the stimulus followed by singing a song for it, further the student was asked to dance with the stimulus, finally expressed love and worship towards the stimulus. Therefore, by practicing these different emotional responses the conditioned response i.e Mathematics Anxiety, becomes neutral. These exercises, through principle of Reciprocal Inhibition, developed alternate emotional responses towards Mathematics Anxiety and found to be incompatible with it. Whereas, Super brain Yoga is a simple and effective technique to energize and recharge the brain. It is based on the principles of subtle energy and ear acupuncture. It's a scientifically validated method to help super-energize the brain and enhance its sharpness and clarity. Super Brain Yoga is a fast, simple, drug-free method of calming the nervous system through generating Alpha waves in the brain. Alpha waves can be noticed through PET scan of the brain. These waves are usually seen when a person is in a meditative state or completely relaxed. Super Brain Yoga technique enhanced Alpha waves in the brain and synchronized left and right brain hemispheres (Sui, 2005). Increase in Alpha waves in the brain indicated that the body has become relaxed and thus countered anxiety caused by Mathematics in the student. In addition Super Brain Yoga also synchronized left and right hemispheres of the brain and made the brain integrated. As, students having integrated brain are efficient in solving Mathematical problems by using resources of both left and right hemisphere (Oliver, 2009) thus the performance of the student increased significantly. Student responded well to these interventions and after six weeks was reassessed on short Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Results showed that Mathematics Anxiety was reduced significantly (40%) from 60 to 20 and student’s academic performance in Mathematics exam was significantly improved from 12/40 to 24/40 with an increase of 12 i.e 30%. The student was reassessed after intervention on Taggart and Torrance’s Information Processing Survey and the results showed that, student’s dominant information processing mode was found to be ‘integrated’. The increase in score from 8 to 18 revealed that the student had become more balanced in his approach and together with logic and intuition has a good scope in Mathematics subject. To conclude, this study has shown that management of Mathematics Anxiety with Behaviour Modification techniques and Super Brain Yoga are found to be efficient.  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 27 Acknowledgments The author appreciates all those who participated in the study and helped to facilitate the research process. Conflict of Interests The author declared no conflict of interests. REFERENCES Dreger, R. M. & Aiken, L. R. 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Journal of Management Studies, ISSN: 0022-2380, 27 (2), 93-116. Tobias, S. & Weissbrod, C. (1980). Anxiety and mathematics: An update., Harvard Educational Review, ISSN 0017-8055, 50, 1, 63-69. Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). "Conditioned emotional reactions". Journal of Experimental Psychology, ISSN: 0096-3445 , 3(1), pp. 1-14. Wolpe, J. (1969) The Practice of Behavioral Therapy, New York: Pergamon, ISBN-10: 0205145159.  Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student © The International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN 2348-5396 (e)| ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) | 28 How to cite this article: Ganesan R, Singh P (2017), Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student, International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 4, Issue 2, No. 85, ISSN:2348-5396 (e), ISSN:2349-3429 (p), DIP:18.01.004/20170402, ISBN: 978-1-365-68608-5