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Managing Creativity What are the challenges and opportunities of managing people in cre- ative industries? How are the tensions between creative and commercial pressures mediated? The creative industries are an area of increasing economic import- ance. Yet creative industries and creative-based organizations are rife with problems such as whether and how control of the creative process should be exercised; the extent to which knowledge of creative produc- tion may be made explicit; and how the ‘connection’ between producer and consumer should be mediated. In Managing Creativity, a team of experts from a diverse range of fields – including management, fine art, music, the internet, design, theatre and publishing – discuss these and other problems concerning the relationship between management and creativity. Developing an appreciation of these problems is theoretically productive, not only because it throws new light onto our understand- ing of creative-based organizations, but also because it can be revelatory about organizations more generally. Barbar a Townley is Professor of Management and Director of the Institute for Capitalising on Creativity at the University of St Andrews. Her research is in the area of creative industries, particularly the ten- sions that arise between artistic and commercial logics and how these are mediated. Her most recent book is Reason’s Neglect (2008). Nic Beech is Professor of Management at the University of St Andrews and Lead Fellow in the Advanced Institute of Management. He is the founding chair of the British Academy of Management special interest group on identity and co-chair of the Scottish Network on Organizational Vitality. His research is focused mainly on the social dynamics of organi- zational life – the intertwining of people’s identities, relationships and practices. He is co-author (with Eugene McKenna) of Human Resource Management: A Concise Analysis (Pearson, 2008). www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  Managing Creativity Exploring the Paradox Barbara Townley Nic Beech Edited by www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521518536 © Cambridge University Press 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2010 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Managing creativity : exploring the paradox / [edited by] Barbara Townley, Nic Beech. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-51853-6 1. Cultural industries. 2. Creative ability in business. I. Townley, Barbara, 1954– II. Beech, Nic. III. Title. HD9999.C9472M36 2010 658.3'14–dc22 2009035022 ISBN 978-0-521-51853-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  For Dominique For Linda and Rosie www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  vii Contents List of illustrations page ix Notes on contributors x Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 1 The discipline of creativity 3 Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Part I Inherent unknowability 23 2 To draw thought – how can this be done differently? 31 Aileen M. Stackhouse 3 Labour, work and action in the creative process 47 Martin Dixon 4 Popular culture as carnaval: The Clash, play and transgression in the aesthetic economy 60 Stephen Linstead Part II Art for art’s sake 81 5 Art for art’s sake: was it ever thus? A historical perspective 87 Julian M. Luxford 6 The logics of art: analysing theatre as a cultural field 106 Doris Ruth Eikhof 7 Turning rebellion into money: The Clash, creativity and resistance to commodification 125 Stephen Linstead www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  Contents viii Part III Infinite variety 149 8 Communication, artists and the audience 157 Christopher Randall 9 Art or honesty? Breaking the rules of the game with immersive museum theatre 177 Paul Johnson 10 User-generated content and the participative market 189 Gregor White Part IV The motley crew 209 11 The missing middle: management in the creative industries 217 Chris Warhurst 12 Playing the system: design consultancies, professionalization and value 237 Guy Julier 13 Organising creativity in a music festival 260 Jane Donald, Louise Mitchell and Nic Beech Part V Ars longa 281 14 Juicy Salif as a cultish totem 287 Laura González 15 ‘Time past’: the value of remembrance in aesthetic experience 310 Amy Parker 16 What is a creative field? 321 Elizabeth Gulledge and Barbara Townley Managing Creativity: concluding thoughts 336 Index 340 www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  ix Illustrations 1.1 Disciplinary representations: marks on paper page 12 2.1 Yves Klein (1960) Leap into the Void. Shunk-Kender (©) Roy Lichtenstein Foundation, © ADAGP, Paris and DACS, London 2009 33 2.2 Aileen Stackhouse (June 2004) A twenty-eight day drawing for conversation. Installation, Dundee Contemporary Arts Centre. ‘I do not draw how I want to draw.’ 34 8.1 Shared and disparate contexts of penguin/human interaction 161 8.2 Model of a system for the transmission of non- signifying stimulus 162 8.3 Metaphor for the communication of potentially significant stimulus 164 14.1 Structure of the Four Discourses 303 14.2 The Discourse of the Analyst 303 www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  x Contributors N IC BE EC H is Professor of Management at the University of St Andrews and Lead Fellow in the Advanced Institute of Management. His research is focused mainly on the social dynamics of organizational life – the intertwining of people’s identities, relationships and practices. He has particular interests in music and management and in organiza- tional vitality. Nic is the founding chair of the British Academy of Management special interest group on identity and co-chair of the Scottish Network on Organizational Vitality. M A RT I N DI XON is currently a lecturer in music at the University of Glasgow. His doctoral thesis concerned Adorno’s philosophy of musical composition and he retains an interest in the creative process, both as a theorist and as a composer. JA N E D ONA L D is Head of Sales and Marketing for Glasgow’s Concert Halls. An important aspect of her remit is working with artists, media, audiences, finance and other managers in the promotion of the annual Celtic Connections festival. She has professional and academic inter- ests in the theory and practice of performing arts management. D OR I S RU T H E I K HOF is Lecturer in Organization Studies at the Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, and Research Associate at the Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, Austria. Her research interests include creative industries, changing forms of work and organization, women and work, work-life boundaries and social theories in organi- zation studies. She has published in international academic journals and books and is co-editor of Work Less, Live More? Critical Analysis of the Work-life Boundary (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). L AU R A G ON Z Á L E Z is an artist and writer. Her practice encompasses drawing, photography and sculpture, and her work has been exhib- ited in the UK, Spain and Portugal. She has participated in numer- ous conferences, including Research into Practice (2008), College Arts Association and the Association for the Psychoanalysis of Culture and Society (2007). When she is not following Freud, Lacan and Marx’s footsteps with her camera, she lectures postgraduate students at the Glasgow School of Art. www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  Notes on contributors xi E L I Z A BET H GU L L E D G E is a graduate of Duke University and is studying for her doctorate at the Institute for Capitalising on Creativity at the University of St Andrews. She is researching into the nature, oper- ation and maintenance of an institutional field with reference to book publishing. PAU L JOH NSON is Senior Lecturer in Drama at the University of Wolverhampton, and Course Leader for the BA and MA programmes. His doctoral research was on the connections between science and live performance, and he has also published on experimental theatre and theatre in museums and heritage sites. GU Y J U L I E R is Professor of Design at Leeds Metropolitan University. His books include The Culture of Design (Sage, 2007 second revised edition) and Design and Creativity: Policy, Management and Practice (2009, co-edited with Liz Moor). He is Associate Editor of the new journal Design and Culture and an editorial board member of the Journal of Visual Culture. His current research is concerned with audit culture and political economies of design and design-led urban regeneration. ST E P H E N L I NS T E A D is Professor of Critical Management at The York Management School, University of York. He was born in Barnsley into a working-class family, a direct descendant of a Royal Academician on his mother’s side and a champion heavyweight boxer on his father’s, at the beginning of the same summer that John Graham Mellor was born in Ankara. Some of his friends and colleagues think that it shows. J U L I A N M. LU X FOR D is a senior lecturer in the School of Art History at the University of St Andrews. His research centres on late medieval art, architecture, texts and the historiography of art history. He has published extensively in these areas. LOU I SE M I TC H E L L is Director of Glasgow UNESCO City of Music and was previously Director of Glasgow’s Concert Halls for twelve years. In that time she oversaw a wide-ranging concert programme, gener- ated £13.5 million of funding and led the development of a regen- eration strategy for two of Glasgow’s most revered venues, the City Halls and Old Fruitmarket. A M Y PA R K E R is currently writing her PhD at the University of Glasgow. She has recently been appointed part-time lecturer in Music at Napier University, Edinburgh. C H R I S TOP H E R R A N DA L L received his PhD in music composition from the University of Newcastle in 2009. He resides in north-eastern England where he works as a freelance composer. A I L E E N M. STAC K HOUSE is a graduate of the School of Fine Art in Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, University of Dundee. www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  Notes on contributors xii Aileen is an independent artist and thinker who constructs installa- tions that use drawing, conversation, sculpture and photography to reflect upon and describe the emergence and dissolution of imagina- tive thought and consciousness. BA R BA R A TOW N L EY is Professor of Management at the University of St Andrews and Director of the Institute for Capitalising on Creativity, Scotland’s centre for teaching and research in the Creative Industries (www.capitalisingoncreativity.ac.uk). She has published extensively in leading US and European academic management journals and her lat- est book is Reason’s Neglect: Rationality and Organizing (Oxford University Press, 2008). C H R I S WA R H U R S T is Professor of Labour Studies and Director of the Scottish Centre for Employment Research in the Department of Human Resource Management at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. His research interests centre on labour process and labour market issues and developments. He is currently co-editor of the jour- nal Work, Employment and Society. G R EG OR W H I T E is Division Leader for Computer Arts and Media at the University of Abertay, Dundee. He has research interests in digital media and online communities and works closely with the broadcast sector in the development of interactive and social media products. www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information  xiii Acknowledgements Work for this book was partially funded from an AHRC/ESRC/ DTI/ Arts Council England grant, number AH/E508456/1, The Discipline of Creativity: Exploring the Paradox. We should like to thank Paula Parish of Cambridge University Press for her support for the book and her help in bringing it to fruition. The editors would like to thank all the contributors for their contributions to the discussion and their willingness to respond to sometimes impossible deadlines. The edi- tors are also extremely grateful to Mindy Grewar for her superb work in preparing the book for production. Anyone who has been through this process will realize how much work is involved in this. Her hard work and diligence on this while remaining so supportive is singularly recognized. www.cambridge.org © in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51853-6 - Managing Creativity: Exploring the Paradox Edited by Barbara Townley and Nic Beech Frontmatter More information