Modelling for Sustainable Development - Scholarship Archive (PDF)

Columbia Law School Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Scholarship Archive Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Books Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment 6-2019 Modelling for Sustainable Development: New Decisions for a New Modelling for Sustainable Development: New Decisions for a New Age Age Andrea M. Bassi International Institute for Sustainable Development Liesbeth Casier International Institute for Sustainable Development David Laborde International Food Policy Research Institute Max Linsen International Institute for Sustainable Development David Manley Natural Resource Governance Institute See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/sustainable_investment_books Part of the Environmental Law Commons, International Law Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, Oil, Gas, and Mineral Law Commons, Securities Law Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Bassi, Andrea M.; Casier, Liesbeth; Laborde, David; Linsen, Max; Manley, David; Maennling, Nicolas; Mann, Howard; Siersted, Morten; Smaller, Carin; Steele, Iain; Uzsoki, David; and West, Johnny, "Modelling for Sustainable Development: New Decisions for a New Age" (2019). Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Books. 8. https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/sustainable_investment_books/8 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment Books by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected].  Authors Authors Andrea M. Bassi, Liesbeth Casier, David Laborde, Max Linsen, David Manley, Nicolas Maennling, Howard Mann, Morten Siersted, Carin Smaller, Iain Steele, David Uzsoki, and Johnny West This book is available at Scholarship Archive: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/sustainable_investment_books/8  Modelling for Sustainable Development New De ci sions for a New Age  International Institute for Sustainable Development Head Of fice 111 Lom bard Av enue, Suite 325, Win nipeg, Man i toba, Canada R3B 0T4 Tel +1 (204) 958- 7700 Web site www.iisd.org Twit ter @IIS D_news © 2019 The In ter na tional In sti tute for Sus tain able De vel op ment Pub lished by the In ter na tional In sti tute for Sus tain able De vel op ment In ter na tional In sti tute for Sus tain able De vel op ment The In ter na tional In sti tute for Sus tain able De vel op ment (IISD) is an in de pen dent think tank cham pi oning sus tain able so lu tions to 21st–cen tury prob lems. Our mis sion is to pro mote human de vel op ment and en vi ron men tal sus tain abil ity. We do this through re search, analy sis and knowl edge prod ucts that sup port sound pol icy mak ing. Our big- picture view al lows us to ad dress the root causes of some of the great est chal lenges fac - ing our planet today: eco log i cal de struc tion, so cial ex clu sion, un fair laws and eco nomic rules, a chang ing cli mate. IISD’s staff of over 120 peo ple, plus over 50 as so ciates and 100 con sul tants, come from across the globe and from many dis ci plines. Our work af - fects lives in nearly 100 coun tries. Part sci en tist, part strate gist—IISD de liv ers the knowl edge to act. IISD is reg is tered as a char i ta ble or ga ni za tion in Canada and has 501(c)(3) sta tus in the United States. IISD re ceives core op er at ing sup port from the Province of Man i toba and project fund ing from nu mer ous gov ern ments in side and out side Canada, United Na tions agen cies, foun da tions, the pri vate sec tor and in di vid u als.  Contents In tro duc tion Why Mod els Mat ter for Sus tain able De vel op ment Using Mod els for Bet ter De ci sion Mak ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pref ace vii Ac knowl edge ments x 1 Why a Book on Mod el ling for Sus tain able De vel op ment? 1.1 2 What Is Sus tain able De vel op ment? 1.2 2 What Is a Model? 1.3 4 Who Should Read This Book? 1.4 5 7 In tro duc tion 2.1 8 Why Model Any thing? 2.2 8 The Cur rent State of Mod el ling 2.3 9 The Case for Mod el ling for Sus tain able De vel op ment 2.4 10 Mod el ling as a Con ver sa tion 2.5 11 15 In tro duc tion 3.1 16 From Mod els to De ci sion Mak ing 3.2 16 The Choice of Model Should Fit the Ques tion 3.3 18 Pub lish ing Mod els 3.4 21  Build ing a Model Choos ing Model In puts In te grat ing Mod els Check ing Mod el ling Re sults 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 In tro duc tion 4.1 24 The Con text and the Stake hold ers 4.2 24 Con vert ing En vi ron men tal, So cial, and Eco nomic Met rics to a Com mon Unit of Value 4.3 26 Mod el ling Meth ods 4.4 32 36 In tro duc tion 5.1 37 Types of Input 5.2 37 Ob ser va tion Ver sus Es ti ma tion of Data 5.3 38 Data 5.4 39 Pa ra me ters 5.5 43 45 In tro duc tion 6.1 46 Why In te grate? 6.2 46 Hor i zon tal In te gra tion 6.3 47 Ver ti cal In te gra tion 6.4 50 Stan dards 6.5 52 55 In tro duc tion 7.1 56 Ex ter nal Checks 7.2 56 In ter nal Checks 7.3 57  Com mu ni cat ing Mod el ling Re sults Re sourc ing the Mod el ling Process Ap pen dices 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 In tro duc tion 8.1 61 Who Needs to Know? 8.2 61 What Do They Need to Know? 8.3 62 How Can We Present Model Re sults? 8.4 63 64 In tro duc tion 9.1 65 Mod el ling Cul ture 9.2 65 Model Read abil ity and Mod el ling Stan dards 9.3 65 Trans fer ring and Main tain ing Mod els 9.4 66 In- House Ver sus Out sourc ing 9.5 66 68 Glos sary A.1 69 Acronyms A.2 72 Ref er ences A.3 72   Modelling for Sustainable Development — vii Preface Why This Book? In Oc to ber 2018, the Eco nomic Law and Pol icy (ELP) Group of the In ter na tional In sti tute for Sus tain able De vel op ment (IISD) met for a team re treat in Mon treux, Switzer land. The agenda for the meet ing in cluded a re view of the var i ous mod el ling ap proaches used by dif- fer ent project groups within the ELP Group. This in cluded the new Sus tain able Asset Val u- a tion (SAVi) model on in fra struc ture de vel op ment and a new In ter gov ern men tal Forum on Min ing, Min er als, Met als and Sus tain able De vel op ment (IGF) model on tax in cen tives in the min ing sec tor. When the group ex plored fur ther, par tic i pants dis cov ered that IISD had been mod el ling is- sues rang ing from cli mate change mit i ga tion, fos sil fuel sub sidy re form and adap ta tion op- tions, and hunger erad i ca tion, to pol lu tion con trol in the Ex per i men tal Lakes Area pro gram and local water is sues in Lake Win nipeg (ad ja cent to the IISD head quar ters in Win nipeg, Man i toba). While IISD had come a long way in terms of un der stand ing, using and build ing mod els, it also turned out that the peo ple work ing on these in di vid ual projects had not yet con nected with each other. Even in ter nally, mod el ling work was tak ing place in silos! This led to a sim ple ques tion: what would hap pen if we were able to gather all our mod el ling work into a more holis tic process, build ing on what every one is al ready doing at the project level? Sim ply put, would pool ing what we al ready do en able us to build an in te grated model for sus tain able de vel op ment? It turns out the ques tion is not that sim ple. At a sub se quent ex ploratory meet ing in De cem- ber 2018, which in cluded our in ter nal teams and some ex ter nal mod el ling ex perts, it be came clear that a sin gle model is not the an swer. Nor would sim ply in te grat ing what was al ready being done in side IISD amount to an ap pro pri ate vi sion for mod el ling for sus tain able de vel- op ment. Mod el ling, we con cluded, had to be bet ter un der stood as part of a process of in- formed de ci sion mak ing, not as an in de pen dent tool- based ex er cise. The process of build ing a model it self re quires many diff er ent tech ni cal choices that have to be mar ried with the de- ci sion ob jec tives at hand. An swer ing what was thought to be a sim ple ques tion was in the end not as sim ple as pos ing the ques tion, and this book re sulted from that re al iza tion. For a one- week Book Sprint, Switzer land, in June 2019, IISD has been in cred i bly for tu nate to be able to bring to gether some of the lead ing global ex perts and mod ellers, with di ver si- fied ex per tise in pol icy de vel op ment and con nect ing pol icy to the achieve ment of sus tain able de vel op ment ob jec tives. What would a shift in par a digm from con ven tional, single- dimension mod el ling to a more in te grated and holis tic con cept of sus tain able de vel op ment  viii — Modelling for Sustainable Development en tail? The goal was to have a col lec tive brain storm about the con cepts, chal lenges, and op- por tu ni ties as so ci ated with the con cept of Mod el ling for Sus tain able De vel op ment. These ex perts have be come the col lec tive co- authors of this book, ap ply ing the method ol ogy of an in tense, one week draft ing process de vel oped by Book Sprints. The Book Sprints process al lows a group of au thors to con cep tu al ize, draft and edit a book in just five days. These five days have been in tense, at times lively, some times tough, but al ways geared to- wards a cre ative process of de sign ing a new decision- making frame work for a new age of sus- tain able de vel op ment cen tred on human ac tiv ity. Our agenda has been am bi tious, but this am bi tion has been matched by the time, eff ort and ded i ca tion of all co- authors. IISD thanks these 12 co- authors for their spir ited col lab o ra tion: An drea M. Bassi, Se nior Affi l i ate IISD; Founder & CEO, Knowl Edge Srl; Ex tra or di nary As so ciate Pro fes sor, Stel len bosch Uni ver sity Lies beth Casier, Pol icy An a lyst, IISD David Laborde, Se nior Re search Fel low, In ter na tional Food Pol icy Re search In sti tute Max Lin sen, Con sul tant, Adap ta tion to cli mate change, IISD David Man ley, Se nior Eco nomic An a lyst, Nat ural Re source Gov er nance In sti tute. Nico las Maennling, Se nior Eco nom ics and Pol icy Re searcher, Co lum bia Cen ter on Sus tain able In vest ment Howard Mann, Se nior In ter na tional Law Ad vi sor, IISD Morten Sier sted, Vis it ing Re search Fel low, CDS, Uni ver sity of Bath; Di rec tor, FAST Stan dard Or gan i sa tion; Founder & Di rec tor, F1F9 Carin Smaller, Se nior Pol icy Ad vi sor & Team Leader, Agri cul ture and In vest ment, IISD Iain Steel, In de pen dent Con sul tant David Uz soki, Se nior Ad vi sor in Sus tain able Fi nance, IISD Johnny West, Di rec tor, OpenOil • • • • • • • • • • • •  Modelling for Sustainable Development — ix Mod el ling for Sus tain able De vel op ment: New De ci sions for a New Age is avail able on the IISD web site and the web sites of the par tic i pat ing or ga ni za tions. It is freely avail able for down- load, and us able by read ers under nor mal fair use and ci ta tion rules (cf. ). It is the col lec tive hope of this ex tra or di nary group of au thors that this book will stim u late new think ing among our read ers that moves de ci sion mak ing for sus tain able de vel op ment for ward. Fi nally, it has been my own great priv i lege to be part of de vel op ing and de sign ing this process, and to en gage with col leagues in pro duc ing this re mark able work. Howard Mann Se nior In ter na tional Law Ad vi sor, IISD Mon treux, 7 June 2019  x — Modelling for Sustainable Development Acknowledgements The co- authors and plan ners would like to thank all those who have con tributed to the pro- duc tion of this book. Re becca Meaton and Joelle De scham bault from IISD have pro vided ex cel lent lo gis ti cal sup port through out the project. We are in debted to them for their pa- tience in deal ing with us all. We also thank, in ad vance, IISD's com mu ni ca tions team, Sofia Baliño, Stacy Corneau, and Zahra Sethna, for the follow- up com mu ni ca tion and dis sem i na- tion process. Nathalie Bernasconi, head of the Eco nomic Law and Pol icy Group at IISD, has been a stead fast sup port in the de vel op ment and fund ing of the process lead ing to this Book Sprint. Her sup port and lead er ship is much ap pre ci ated. In this con text, we also ex press our ap pre- ci a tion to the gen er ous sup port of the Open So ci ety Foun da tions and to IISD's Eco nomic Law and Pol icy Pro gram. The Golf Hotel René Capt in Mon treux hosted and fed the team for this week in Mon treux, with pa tience and flex i bil ity to com ple ment their al ways pro fes sional ser vice. We were well rested each morn ing and well sus tained through out the day as a re sult. And last, but not least, the Book Sprints team has been a won der ful part ner in this process. The co- authors and plan ners col lec tively thank the team. In par tic u lar, Laia Ros who led the col lec tive draft ing process as fa cil i ta tor and en abler, turn ing twelve often head strong in di vid- u als into one col lec tive voice. We thank her for her guid ance, sup port and re solve in en sur- ing the suc cess of this process.  Introduction 1.  2 — 1. Introduction Why a Book on Modelling for Sustainable Development Many of the planet's ecosys tems are per ilously close to col laps ing. Mul ti ple so cial and en vi- ron men tal sys tems are ex pe ri enc ing mas sive stresses lead ing to mi gra tion, star va tion, and ever- increasing num ber of refugee camps. De spite this im pend ing cat a stro phe, gov ern ments and cor po ra tions con tinue to im ple ment the same poli cies and in vest ments that led us to this precipice. To stop this mad ness, their de ci sions need to be bet ter in formed. Un for tu- nately, the way in for ma tion is de vel oped, and the scope of that in for ma tion, re mains largely fo cused on the tra di tional met rics of profi ts and taxes. Until this ap proach changes, the hope of mak ing bet ter de ci sions and mov ing the world back from this precipice re mains an il lu- sion. This book sets out the rea sons and processes for chang ing how gov ern ments and cor po ra- tions make de ci sions. It fo cuses on achiev ing the goal of sus tain able de vel op ment in its holis- tic form, as the over ar ch ing test for all de ci sion mak ing for pub lic pol icy and major pri vate sec tor in vest ments: the ve hi cle for this change being in te grated mod els for sus tain able de vel- op ment. The book builds on the ex pand ing prac tices of mod el ling com plex decision- making re quire- ments and in di ca tors. It con sid ers the chal lenges of de ci sion mak ing in the face of in com- plete and some times in ac cu rate in for ma tion, the role of mul ti ple stake hold ers, and the ca- pac ity of gov ern ments and oth ers to use mod els eff ec tively. The col lec tive am bi tion re flected in this book is un apolo get i cally high. But so are the stakes in fail ing to change the na ture of the crit i cal pub lic pol icy and large- scale in vest ment de ci sions that have been made to date. What Is Sustainable Development? The core of this book com bines the world of sus tain able de vel op ment and the world of mod- el ling in order to im prove crit i cal pub lic pol icy and pri vate sec tor de ci sions. This first re- quires an un der stand ing of what is meant by sus tain able de vel op ment. 1.1 The de f i n i tion of in san ity is doing the same thing over and over and ex pect ing a dif fer ent re sult. —com monly at trib uted to Al bert Ein stein 1.2  1. Introduction — 3 The global un der stand ing of what sus tain able de vel op ment is, how it can be mea sured, and how it can be achieved is evolv ing. This evo lu tion has taken the mean ing of sus tain able de- vel op ment a long way from it ori gins in the fa mous Brundt land Re port, Our Com mon Fu ture: "Sus tain able de vel op ment is de vel op ment that meets the needs of the present with out com- pro mis ing the abil ity of fu ture gen er a tions to meet their own needs" (Brundt land, 1987). The Brundt land Re port fo cused on pro mot ing eco nomic growth with out dam ag ing the en vi- ron ment and with out com pro mis ing the op por tu ni ties for fu ture eco nomic growth. It was, by and large, an en vi ron men tal con cept. Over time, the three- pillar ap proach to sus tain able de vel op ment be came more fully elab o rated: en vi ron men tal, so cial and eco nomic. Today this ap proach is un der stood as re quir ing de ci sion mak ing that fos ters in clu sive eco nomic growth, eq uity and fair ness in so cial de vel op ment, and main tain ing and re build ing the en vi ron men tal qual ity of the planet. The most re cent global ar tic u la tions of sus tain able de vel op ment show the on go ing evo lu tion of the global un der stand ing of the con cept. The Mil len nium De vel op ment Goals (MDGs) were es tab lished in 2000. The MDGs in cluded a set of in di ca tors, pri mar ily fo cused on so ci- ety and the econ omy, and in cluded ab solute tar gets for each of the goals. These summed up to a total MDG score for each coun try. Sub se quently, the Sus tain able De vel op ment Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015 by the United Na tions. The SDGs pro vide a longer list of in- di ca tors to choose from at the coun try level, al low ing for a cus tomized ap proach that can be weighted diff er ently for diff er ent cir cum stances. Im por tantly, the SDGs stress that hu mans can only de velop sus tain ably if the in ter con nec tions among the goals are well un der stood (see Fig ure below). Some goals may be weighted more heav ily than oth ers, but ei ther way, the 17 goals are seen as in di vis i ble. Mod el ling for sus tain able de vel op ment, as con ceived in this book, re quires a sim i lar focus on in di vis i bil ity. This does not mean that all the SDGs, (or every one of the ac com pa ny ing 169 tar gets and 232 in di ca tors) have to be as sessed in each model. But every major de ci sion im pli cat ing any as pect of sus tain able de vel op ment must be con sid ered within the full con text of all three of the en vi ron men tal, so cial and eco nomic pil lars and the ex tent to which the goals of sus tain able de vel op ment are in ter con nected within a given con text. The ob jec tive in such con sid er a tion is not sim ply to avoid harm, but to max i mize the ben e fits of de ci sion mak ing across all three pil lars and goals as well.