Tachyons but Not Photons Might Generate Conscious Dreams (PDF)

Tachyons but Not Photons Might Generate Conscious Dreams Ahmad Yousef1 1School of Computational Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract- We had learnt from cognitive vision that involuntarily visual awareness should be generated by exogenous stimuli; but not indigenous! Given the complexity of understanding the reasons behind the rapid eye movements during vivid dreams; dreams that carry highly bizarre information; dreams that disallow the human subjects to have control over what they see; these types of dreams should be therefore reside under the umbrella of the “involuntary human awareness”. We therefore suggest possibilities of physical particles that could carry the visual information of these extraordinary exogenous stimuli; particles that should be able to invade the human’s eyes while they are closed; particles that have the ability to move the eye rapidly aiming for perfect transformation of the visual information. The present research aims to talk about these particles, proposes scenarios of how human eye & retina deal with them. Introduction and Fulsome Discussion Scientists had been reporting that most of vivid and heavy dreams occur during rapid eye movement sleep. But why the eye has such movements, while the entire body is in rest? There might be kinds of retinal stimulations that trigger saccades to spatial regions of interest. Since the REM dreams are bizarre and so hard to be predicted, there might be unknown particles that can reach the retina whether the eye is close. Noticeably, REM dreams had been assumed to show very highly abstracted consciousness, namely, a huge number of events occur in a very limited time frame, see references 1, and 2. Reportedly, the density of REMs per minute in sleep state is way higher than wake state, see reference 3. It’s likely because the visual information are presented more rapidly in REM sleep. Importantly, when photons hit the human retina; humans will not necessarily have visual awareness, see reference 4. Namely, binocular rivalry, a phenomenon of visual perception in which human visual awareness alternates between different images presented to each eye, tells us the awareness may have ‘missed detections’ of the actual physical world, as if the photons might have not interacted with the retina; events that may be happening in the presence of photons that are not endorsed by tachyons, see reference 10. Closed eyes (complete darkness situations), however, do not require endorsements of photons to trigger vivid visual awareness! Documentarily speaking, human awareness had been creating sciences, and sciences intensify human consciousness; a closed loop that is getting evolved in both sides over the time. In another word, human scientists could not be able to detect ‘audible shock waves’ without having multisensory integration, sound, and vision. The audible shockwaves can be easily detected when an object accelerates until exceeds the speed of sound; afterwards, the sound of the object will be always behind the object itself. Audible shock waves can be noticed with fighter planes with Mach number higher than 1, or lightning and thunder phenomenon. Similarly, because the light is also wave, if a particle travels faster than light, photonic shock wave must be existed. Humans, however, have no higher sense than vision; and therefore, their consciousness might be unable to believe in ‘faster than light’ particles. For this reason, we hypothesize that we might be able to detect tachyons through mammalian retinal ganglion cells during REM sleep. If specialized nano- sensors are able to detect distinguished signals from the retinal ganglion cells during REM sleep; then there might be tachyons. In the presence of photons, photonic shock waves produced by tachyons might be unable to signal the mammalian visual awareness due to their possible too low energy. Namely, to comply to Einstein special theory of relativity, when the speed of a tachyon increases; its energy decreases; and therefore, the mammalian visual awareness might have several ‘missed detections’ when tachyons travel faster. Again, because tachyons are assumed to travel faster than light, therefore it is not possible to see them approaching (see reference 5). After a tachyon has passed nearby a retinal receptor cell (where the shock wave of Cherenkov radiation should reside), a conscious observer might be able to see one of the two ‘opposite directions’ departure images, (see reference 6, the supplementary materials, and the central infographic). In the infographic, notice how we precisely Tachyceptor cell Tachyon Shock Wave  placed the photoreceptor specialized to perceive the shock wave of the tachyon; tachyceptor cell, with the shock wave itself; as if there is entanglement between the tachyon and tachyceptor cell; and therefore, any spatial displacement might partially impair the dream’s visual awareness. In modern physics, tachyons mostly refer to imaginary mass fields (see reference 7). Detailly speaking, tachyons should have imaginary mass to comply to the theory of relativity, which clearly states that energy must be a real value. The theory of relativity will not therefore be violated, despite of tachyons; and imaginary mass does not mean fictional mass, but the mass may reside in extra physical dimensions. In several new formulations of the theory, however, the mass of tachyons is regarded as real (see references 8, and 9; also see our mathematical description for tachyonic dynamics). We, however, are concerned about detecting these particles via electrophysiological ways. Namely, since the conventional particle physics detectors cannot observe faster than light particles; then we might be missing something so critical in the detectors’ design; and the right detectors might be already there in the mammalian retina though. It should be brought the readers’ attention that consciousness had been hypothesized to reside in extra physical dimensions (see reference 10, also see the super- string theory); the interactions between the shock waves of the tachyons and consciousness, however, seems to be so sophisticated. But since the shock waves of tachyons are hypothesized to interweavingly create photons; the visual awareness might be taking closer neurological pathways offered in reference 10; except in the retina. REM sleep visual awareness is an ‘involuntary’ mechanism, namely, the sleepers almost have no control over their dreams, and most of them cannot even escape certain nightmares. The aforementioned statement permit us to say; there might be external particles, namely tachyons, which invade the humans’ closed eyes triggering the retina to generate those conscious dreams (see reference 6, the supplementary materials). Suggested Empirical Investigations Empirically speaking, tachyons ‘the hypothetical particles’ might be detected by implementing intracellular nanoelectrodes in the mammalian retinal ganglion cells, preferably macaque monkeys (see reference 11 and 12, for greater comprehension of ‘nanoelectrodes’, and how they can be installed in the retina). Importantly, the signal recording processes should be in two different stages, vivid dreaming versus waking. After special design of the experiment, and careful considerations of signal analysis, if there are distinguished signals come out of comparing the two states ‘vivid dreaming versus waking’, then tachyons could be the reason; and therefore, tachyons could be the exclusive generators of conscious dreams. The confirmation of tachyon’s existence will be revolutionary, however, reinvestigating the anatomy of the retinal receptors’ layer will be afterwards extremely important. The theoretical discovery of the fourth cone in some animals; tetrachromacy, brings motivations to hold out the hope in finding retinal receptors for the shock waves of tachyons ‘tachyceptors’. According to our mathematical description of tachyonic dynamics, also see the super-string theory; because tachyons travel in extra physical dimensions, their receptors must be extremely tiny; thus several technical difficulties in the anatomical investigations. If discovered, surely after the validation of tachyon’s existence, those receptors will not only allow the engineers to create detectors that mimic those receptors and therefore building dreams recording devices; but also it will assist them to further understand the tachyon itself as a particle, by studying and comprehending its shock waves. Ultimately, engineers might be able create tachyons’ emitters to intervene our dreams. In short, the fact that REM dreams are involuntarily, namely, they may require exogenous stimulation, the immense bizarreness of the visual awareness that these dreams carry, and their rapid saccades should collectively provide virtuous credibility to our current theory. Eye Movements in Humans & its Medicinal Importance Eye movements are not only mysterious for the conscious dream; however without it, brain signals are unable to activate the assistive machines of the ALS patients through brain computer interface, see reference 13. We have to stop here for a moment and inquire the science a serious question; what the human eyes try to capture for enabling the brain to produce signals that can eventually activate the ending nerves of human muscles? Essential Notifications Scholars with facilitations on implementing nano-sensors on mammalian retina are welcome to collaborate. Surgical procedures will be offered to the potential collaborators upon request. Enquiries should be sent to the author. Transactional References [1] L. Matarazzo, etal. 2011, "A systems-level approach to human REM sleep"; in Mallick et al, eds. [2] McCarley(1981). REM sleep dreams and the activation-synthesis hypothesis. [3] Andrillon, 2015. “Single-neuron activity and eye movements during human REM sleep and awake vision”; Nature Communications. [4] Yousef, Ahmad. “Quantifying Consciousness: Electrophysiological Perspective.” engrXiv, 2019. doi:10.31224/osf.io/38bqx. [5] Feinberg G. 1967. Possibility of faster-than-light particles. Physical Review 159 (5): 1089–1105. [6] Visualizations of how the tachyons may interact with their corresponding retinal cells can be found in the following link: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1t2cYZ9G4M0l8gsAajJ1ZYaaRSMt3Eadr [7] Ashoke Sen, 2002, Rolling Tachyon. J. High Energy Physics. [8] Vieira, Introduction to the Theory of Tachyons. ArXiv, 2012. [9] Hill and Cox, 2012. Einstein's special relativity beyond the speed of light. Proceed. Royal Society. [10] Yousef, 2019. “Consciousness Might Be Localized in Extra Physical Dimensions.” PsyArXiv. 2019. [11]Taemin Kim, 2018. Flexible and Stretchable Bio-Integrated Electronics Based on Carbon Nanotube and Graphene. Materials. [12] Abbott (2017). CMOS nanoelectrode array for all-electrical intracellular electrophysiological imaging. Nature Nanotech. [13] Chaudhary, etal. (2020). Neuropsychological and neurophysiological aspects of brain‐computer‐interface (BCI)‐control in paralysis. J Physiology.