The Wiley Handbook of Eating Disorders (PDF)

  The Wiley Handbook of Eating Disorders   The Wiley Handbook of Eating Disorders Volume 1 Basic Concepts and Foundational Research Edited by Linda Smolak Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, USA Michael P. Levine Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, USA  This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of Linda Smolak and Michael P. Levine to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data The Wiley handbook of eating disorders / Linda Smolak and Michael P. Levine, editors. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-57394-5 (hardback : set) 1. Eating disorders–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Smolak, Linda, 1951– editor. II. Levine, Michael P., editor. RC552.E18W54 2015 616.85′26–dc23 2015007885 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Gustav Klimt, Tree of Life from the Stoclet Frieze (detail), 1905–9. MAK (Austrian Museum of Applied Arts) Vienna / Bridgeman Images Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2015  Contents Contributors viii Preface xiii Acknowledgments xiv Section I Definitions and History 1 1 Body Image, Disordered Eating, and Eating Disorders: Connections and Disconnects 3 Linda Smolak and Michael P. Levine 2 History of Anorexia Nervosa 11 Tilmann Habermas 3 The History of Bulimia Nervosa 25 Richard A. Gordon 4 History of BED and ED‐NOS 39 Lázaro V. Zayas and Jennifer J. Thomas Section II Epidemiology 51 5 Prevalence and Incidence of Eating Disorders in Western Societies 53 Pamela K. Keel and K. Jean Forney 6 Prevalence and Incidence of Eating Disorders in Asian Societies 64 Kathleen M. Pike, Patricia E. Dunne, and Andrea Grant 7 Prevalence and Incidence of Eating Disorders in Underrepresented Countries 79 Christopher Paul Szabo Section III Diagnosis 93 8 Diagnosing Anorexia Nervosa 95 Emily K. Gray, Helen B. Murray, and Kamryn T. Eddy  vi Contents 9 Diagnosing Bulimia Nervosa 105 Scott Crow 10 Binge Eating Disorder: Diagnosis and Assessment 114 Lindsay Bodell and Ruth Striegel Weissman 11 Diagnosing Other Specified and Unspecified Feeding and Eating Disorders in DSM‐5 (Formerly Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified in DSM‐IV) 126 Carol Peterson, Kelly C. Berg, Nora Durkin, and Leah M. Jappe 12 Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: Diagnosis, Features, and Radical New Treatment Approaches 142 J. Hubert Lacey and Richard Sly 13 Diagnosing Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents 157 Ellen S. Rome 14 Medical Complications and Diagnosing Eating Disorders 170 C. Laird Birmingham 15 Psychiatric Comorbidity in Diagnosis 183 Jennifer S. Coelho, Lea Thaler, and Howard Steiger 16 Cross‐Cultural and Ethnicity Issues in Diagnosis 197 Kathleen Y. Kawamura Section IV Theories 209 17 Biopsychiatric Theories of Eating Disorders 211 Sloane Madden 18 Cognitive‐Behavioral Theory of Eating Disorders 222 Kelly M. Vitousek and Krista E. Brown 19 Feminist Theories of Eating Disorders 238 Taryn A. Myers 20 Psychodynamic Theory of Eating Disorders 253 Kathryn Zerbe 21 Sociocultural Theories of Eating Disorders 269 Rheanna N. Ata, Lauren M. Schaefer, and J. Kevin Thompson Section V Risk and Protective Factors and Correlates 283 22 Body Image Disturbance and the Development of Eating Disorders 285 Ann Kearney‐Cooke and Diana Tieger 23 Cultural Similarities and Differences in Eating Disorders 297 Eileen Anderson‐Fye, Stephanie McClure, and Rachel Wilson 24 Dieting as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders 312 Eric Stice and Kyle Burger  Contents vii 25 Ethnicity as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders 324 Jennifer E. Wildes and Kelsie T. Forbush 26 Familial Risk Factors and Eating Disorders 338 Janis Crowther, Kathryn E. Smith, and Gail A. Williams 27 Gender and Eating Disorders 352 Sarah K. Murnen and Linda Smolak 28 Genetic Risk Factors for Eating Disorders 367 Jessica H. Baker, Lauren Janson, Sara E. Trace, and Cynthia M. Bulik 29 Media and Eating Disorders 379 Michael P. Levine and Sarah K. Murnen 30 Neurochemical Components of Undereating and Overeating 394 Susan Murray, Alexandra Arosenius, and Nicole M. Avena 31 Peer Risk Factors and Eating Disorders 408 Carolina Lunde and Ann Frisén 32 Personality as a Risk Factor for Eating Disorders 418 Jason M. Lavender, Kyle P. De Young, and Stephen A. Wonderlich 33 Protective Factors 430 Tracy L. Tylka and Ashley M. Kroon Van Diest 34 Stress, Trauma, and Adversity as Risk Factors in the Development of Eating Disorders 445 Timothy D. Brewerton Section VI Special Groups 461 35 Athletes, Physical Activity, Dancers, and Eating Disorders 463 Trent Petrie and Christy Greenleaf 36 Eating Disorders Across the Lifespan 479 Linda Smolak 37 Eating Disorders in Boys and Men 492 Lina Ricciardelli and Marita McCabe  Contributors Karina Allen, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia Kelly C. Allison, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, USA Drew A. Anderson, Department of Psychology, University of Albany (SUNY), USA Kristen Anderson, Eating Disorders Program, The University of Chicago, USA Lisa M. Anderson, Department of Psychology, University of Albany (SUNY), USA Eileen Anderson‐Fye, Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, USA Alexandra Arosenius, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, USA Rheanna N. Ata, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, USA Nicole M. Avena, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA Jessica H. Baker, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Stephanie Bauer, Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany Carolyn Becker, Department of Psychology, Trinity University, USA Kelly C. Berg, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, USA C. Laird Birmingham, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Canada Emmett Bishop, Eating Recovery Center, Denver, Colorado, USA Lindsay Bodell, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA Timothy D. Brewerton, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, USA Krista E. Brown, Department of Psychology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, USA Tiffany Brown, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA Cynthia M. Bulik, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden  Contributors ix Kyle Burger, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Susan M. Byrne, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Australia Anna C. Ciao, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, USA Alysia A. Cirona‐Singh, Department of Psychiatry, San Mateo Medical Center, USA Angélica M. Claudino, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil Jennifer S. Coelho, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Canada Scott Crow, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, USA Janis Crowther, Department of Psychology, Kent State University, USA Amy Baker Dennis, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, USA Kyle P. De Young, Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, USA Patricia E. Dunne, Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Columbia University, USA Nora Durkin, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, USA Kamryn T. Eddy, Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA Ivan Eisler, Michael Rutter Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK A. Jordan Filion, Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Canada Mary E. Fitzpatrick, Eating Disorders Treatment Center, Rogers Memorial Hospital Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, USA Kelsie T. Forbush, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, USA K. Jean Forney, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA Debra L. Franko, Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Northeastern University, USA Ann Frisén, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Anthea Fursland, Centre for Clinical Interventions, Australia Jennifer L. Gaudiani, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA; ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders at Denver Health, Denver, USA Richard A. Gordon, Private Practice, Red Hook, New York, USA Rachel W. Gow, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Andrea Grant, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA Leah L. Graves, Laureate Eating Disorders Program, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Emily K. Gray, Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA  x Contributors Christy Greenleaf, Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, USA Tilmann Habermas, Department of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany Jess Haines, Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Canada Phillipa J. Hay, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Australia Katrina Hunt, Michael Rutter Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK Lauren Janson, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Leah M. Jappe, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, USA Karin Jasper, Child and Adolescent Eating Disorder Program, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, Canada Andrea E. Kass, Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA Kathleen Y. Kawamura, Private Practice, Mission Viejo, California, USA Ann Kearney‐Cooke, Private Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Pamela K. Keel, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA Kelly Klein, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, USA Ashley M. Kroon Van Diest, Department of Psychology, Texas A & M University, USA J. Hubert Lacey, Department of Psychiatry, St. George’s, University of London, UK Jillian Lampert, The Emily Program, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA Jason M. Lavender, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota, USA Daniel Le Grange, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, USA Michael P. Levine, Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, USA James Lock, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, USA Carolina Lunde, Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Pamela Macdonald, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK Kelly MacKenzie, Wellness Center, American University, USA Sloane Madden, Department of Psychological Medicine, The Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Australia Suzanne E. Mazzeo, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Marita McCabe, Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University Stephanie McClure, Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, St. Louis University, USA Gail L. McVey, Community Health Systems Resource Group, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada Carla Minarik, Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany  Contributors xi Markus Moessner, Center for Psychotherapy Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany Sarah K. Murnen, Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, USA Helen B. Murray, Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA Susan Murray, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA Taryn A. Myers, Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan College, USA Jennifer A. O’Dea, School of Education and Social Work, The University of Sydney, Australia Allison Palmberg, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA Jacqueline M. Patmore, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, USA Susan J. Paxton, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Australia Carol Peterson, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, USA Trent Petrie, Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, USA Kathleen M. Pike, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, USA Niva Piran, Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Canada Erin E. Reilly, Department of Psychology, University of Albany (SUNY), USA Lina Ricciardelli, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia Lauren Richards, Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, USA Rachel F. Rodgers, Department of Counseling and Applied Educational Psychology, Northeastern University, USA Ellen S. Rome, Center for Adolescent Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital, USA Randy A. Sansone, Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, USA Lauren M. Schaefer, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, USA Katherine Schaumberg, Department of Psychology, University of Albany (SUNY), USA Christina Scribner, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, USA Rebecca Shingleton, Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, USA Mima Simic, Michael Rutter Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK Richard Sly, School of Nursing Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK Kathryn E. Smith, Department of Psychology, Kent State University, USA Linda Smolak, Department of Psychology, Kenyon College, USA Howard Steiger, Eating Disorders Program, Douglas University Institute, Canada  xii Contributors Tiffany Stewart, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Eric Stice, Oregon Research Institute, USA Michael Strober, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA Christopher Paul Szabo, Department of Psychiatry, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Lea Thaler, Eating Disorders Program, Douglas University Institute, Canada Jennifer J. Thomas, Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA J. Kevin Thompson, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, USA Heather Thompson‐Brenner, Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders, Boston University, USA Diana Tieger, The Renfrew Center, Philadelphia, USA Sara E. Trace, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Janet Treasure, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK Tracy L. Tylka, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, USA Kelly M. Vitousek, Department of Psychology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, USA Tracey D. Wade, School of Psychology, Flinders University, Australia Ruth Striegel Weissman, Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, USA Theodore E. Weltzin, Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA Kitty Westin, The Emily Program Foundation, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA Jennifer E. Wildes, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, USA Denise E. Wilfley, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, USA Simon Wilksch, School of Psychology, Flinders University, Australia Gail A. Williams, Department of Psychology, Kent State University, USA Rachel Wilson, Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, USA Stephen A. Wonderlich, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota, USA Zali Yager, College of Education, Victoria University, Australia Lázaro V. Zayas, Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA Kathryn Zerbe, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University, USA  Preface As college professors and parents, we have personally encountered far too many young women with eating disorders (EDs). We have seen some, indeed many, of them recover sufficiently to build happy lives. We have also seen some who did not recover or who faded in and out of remission. What is most striking, though, is how we have seen the recognition of EDs improve over time as a field of ED treatment, prevention, and advocacy emerged over the past 35–40 years. The impact of this development is evident in the increasing public and professional acknowledgment that these are serious disorders that deserve attention from society. Much of what we’ve seen represents improvements that are based on the substantial lines of theory and research summarized in this two‐volume Handbook. But we also continue to see lacunae, perhaps even gaping holes, in our knowledge about EDs. We also are aware that many people who need to know about EDs—such as parents, spouses, medical personnel, coaches and athletic trainers, and a variety of different clinicians in general practices—do not have easy access to accurate, evidence‐based information. These two issues are the motivation for this Handbook. At this point, some 35 years after the revolutionary publication of the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐III) by the American Psychiatric Association, there remains a need to address three fundamental and interrelated questions: What do we know with confidence about EDs? What important knowledge are we lacking? What theories, research methods, and research directions are needed to fill in the gaps and to generate new and useful ideas? Given these questions, we hoped to engage top‐level scholars, many of whom are outstanding clinicians, to summarize the information on the history, epidemiology, diagnosis, assessment, causes, treatment, and prevention of EDs. We also asked them to identify areas that needed research attention. We got lucky. So many important contributors to the understanding of EDs, representing many different countries and professions, agreed to participate in this project. They wrote clear, incisive chapters. We are grateful for and honored by their participation. Linda Smolak Michael P. Levine