University of Groningen On the nature and origin of self (PDF)

University of Groningen On the nature and origin of self-esteem de Ruiter, Naomi Michelle Praise IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2015 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): de Ruiter, N. M. P. (2015). On the nature and origin of self-esteem: A complex dynamic systems perspective of nested self-esteem phenomena. University of Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 30-06-2022  On the nature and origin of self-esteem A complex dynamic systems perspective of nested self-esteem phenomena Naomi de Ruiter  The research presented in this dissertation was funded by a PhD grant from the Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen. © N. M. P. de Ruiter, Groningen 2015 Cover picture and design: Hester Nijhoff Printed by: Gildeprint ISBN paper version: 978-90-367-7912-8 ISBN electronic version: 978-90-367-7947-0 NUR-code: 773  On the nature and origin of self-esteem A complex dynamic systems perspective of nested self-esteem phenomena PhD thesis to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Monday 8 June 2015 at 14:30 hours By Naomi Michelle Praise de Ruiter born on 18 July 1986 in Trail, Canada  4 Supervisor Prof. P.L.C. van Geert Co-supervisor Dr. E.S. Kunnen Assessment committee Prof. R.R. Vallacher Prof. I. Granic Prof. D. Draaisma  5 Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 1.1 A Complex Dynamic Systems Perspective ............................................ 10 1.2 State and Trait Self-Esteem .................................................................. 11 1.3 Self-Esteem as an Intra-Individual Process .......................................... 13 1.4 Self-Esteem as a Contextualized Process.............................................. 14 1.5 Outline of the Thesis .............................................................................. 14 Part I............................................................................................................. 14 Part II ........................................................................................................... 15 Part III .......................................................................................................... 16 1.6 References ............................................................................................. 17 Part I: The nature and origin of state and trait self-esteem from a theoretical perspective A Self-Organizing Model of Self-Esteem: Trait and State Self-Esteem as Dynamically Connected Across Nested Time Scales CHAPTER 2 A Self-Organizing Model of Self-Esteem: Trait and State Self-Esteem as Dynamically Connected Across Nested Time Scales ............................................ 25 2.1 The Foundation of Trait and State Self-esteem ..................................... 27 2.2 Generative-Causality Theory ................................................................ 28 2.3 Nature of self-esteem from a generative-causality approach: latent- construct self-esteem. ............................................................................ 30 2.3.1 Latent-construct model: implications for research ......................... 31 2.4 Emergent-Causality Theory ................................................................... 35 2.5 Nature of self-esteem from an emergent-causality approach: Self- Organizing Self-Esteem (SOSE) model................................................. 39 2.5.1 Self-experiences emerge into state self-esteem. ............................. 41 2.5.2 State self-esteem emerges into trait self-esteem. ............................ 44 2.5.3 Dynamic inter-level coupling: circular causality between state and trait self-esteem. ............................................................................. 45 2.5.4 SOSE model: Implications for research. ........................................ 49 2.6 Discussion .............................................................................................. 53 2.7 References ............................................................................................. 55 Part II: Empirical studies regarding the internally generated patterns of real- time change of state self-esteem and trait self-esteem CHAPTER 3 The Temporal Nature of State Self-Esteem as a Real-Time Process ..................... 71 3.1 Implicit Assumptions Regarding the Temporal Structure of State Self- esteem Variability .................................................................................. 72 3.2 State Self-esteem Variability as a Fractal Process ................................. 73 3.3 A Qualitative Phenomenological Account of State Self-Esteem. .......... 75 3.4 The Current Study.................................................................................. 77  6 3.5 Method ................................................................................................... 78 3.5.1 Participants ..................................................................................... 78 3.5.2 Procedure ....................................................................................... 78 3.5.3 Coding Procedure ........................................................................... 79 3.5.4 Measures ........................................................................................ 79 3.5.5 Analysis Plan ................................................................................. 81 3.6 Results ................................................................................................... 83 3.6.1 Analysis of Temporal Structure of State Self-esteem .................... 83 3.6.2 Association between Temporal Structure of State Self-esteem (DFA) and Context-Independent Self-reported Autonomy Measures ................................................ 85 3.7 Discussion .............................................................................................. 86 3.8 References ............................................................................................. 89 CHAPTER 4 The Real-Time Phenomenology of Trait Self-Esteem: Testing the Dynamic Interaction Between Trait and State Self-Esteem ................ 97 4.1 The Current Study and Hypotheses ..................................................... 100 4.1.1 Methodological approach. ............................................................ 101 4.1.2 Hypotheses. .................................................................................. 102 4.2 Methods ............................................................................................... 104 4.2.1 Participants ................................................................................... 104 4.2.2 Procedure ..................................................................................... 104 4.2.3 Coding Procedure ......................................................................... 104 4.2.4 Measures ...................................................................................... 105 4.2.5 Analysis Plan ............................................................................... 107 4.3 Results ................................................................................................. 112 4.3.1 State Self-Esteem ......................................................................... 112 4.3.2 Testing Hypothesis 1: Trait Self-Esteem Constraining State Self-Esteem ......................................................................... 112 4.3.3 Testing Hypothesis 2: The Relationship Between Trait Self-Esteem Attractor Strength and Effect of Parental Perturbations. .............. 116 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................ 117 4.5 References ........................................................................................... 122 Part III: Theoretical considerations of the relationship between implicit and explicit self-esteem from the Self-Organizing Self-Esteem model CHAPTER 5 The Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Self-esteem From a Self- Organizing Self-Esteem Perspective ................................................................... 129 5.1 Aim of the Current Chapter ................................................................. 130 5.2 Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem Research to Date ............................ 131 5.3 Applying the SOSE Model to the Conceptualization of Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem ............................................................................ 132  7 5.3.1 State self-esteem: implicit and explicit as one dynamic process. .............................. 132 5.3.2 Trait self-esteem: implicit and explicit as two distinct constructs. ........................... 137 5.3.3 Integrating single-process and dual-process perspectives from the SOSE model. ................................................................. 140 5.4 Summary .............................................................................................. 142 5.5 References ........................................................................................... 144 CHAPTER 6 Conclusion and Discussion .................................................................................. 149 6.1 Research Motivation and Context ........................................................ 150 6.2 Summary of Findings .......................................................................... 151 6.3 Integration and Emerging Developments ............................................ 157 6.3.1 Theoretical developments ............................................................ 158 6.3.2 Methodological developments ..................................................... 159 6.4. Future Research ................................................................................. 161 6.4.1 Implications of Part I for future research ..................................... 161 6.4.2 Implications of Part II for future research .................................... 163 6.5 Limitations ........................................................................................... 164 6.6 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................... 165 6.7 References ........................................................................................... 166 APPENDICES Coding Scheme for the Analysis of Moment-to-Moment Parent-Child Interaction ..................................................... 175 Summary ............................................................................................................. 185 1 Research Motivation and Context ........................................................... 185 2 Summary of Findings .............................................................................. 186 3 Integration and Emerging Developments ................................................ 188 4 Limitations .............................................................................................. 190 5 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................... 190 References ...................................................................................................... 191 Samenvatting (dutch summary) ........................................................................... 193 1 Onderzoeksmotivatie en Context ............................................................ 193 2 Samenvatting van Bevindingen ............................................................... 194 3 Integratie en Nieuwe Ontwikkelingen ......................................................... 196 4 Beperkingen ................................................................................................. 198 5 Concluderende Opmerkingen ...................................................................... 198 Referenties ...................................................................................................... 200 About the author .................................................................................................. 203 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 205